mm  WESSONS 


N  PHOIOGRAPHI 


THE  LIBRARY 


OF 


THE 


UNIVERSITY 
CALIFORNIA 
LOS  ANGELES 


OF 


SEARCY'S  LESSONS 


IN 


PHONOGRAPHY; 


AN  EXPOSITION  OF  THE  ART  OF 


PHONETIC  SHORT-HAND  WRITING. 


BY  W.    E.    H.  SEARCY, 

OFFICIAL   LAW   REPORTER. 


"  Short-hand,  on  account  of  its  great  and  general  utility,  merits  a  much  higher 
rank  among  the  arts  and  sciences  than  is  commonly  allotted  to  it.  Its  usefulness  is 
not  confined  to  any  particular  science  or  profession,  but  is  universal ;  it  is  therefore 
hy  no  means  unworthy  the  attention  and  study  of  men  of  genius  and  erudition." — 
DR.  SAMUEL  JOHNSON. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT   &   CO. 

1879. 


Copyright,  1879,  by  W.  E.  H.  SEARCY. 


PREFACE. 


IN  the  preparation  of  these  lessons  I  have  endeavored 
to  present  the  subject  of  Phonography  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  bring  the  art  within  the  comprehension  of  all  who 
have  mastered  the  elementary  principles  of  the  English 
language.  To  accomplish  this  object  I  have  rewritten  all 
of  the  established  principles  of  the  art, — leaving  out  such 
as  were  useless,  and  improving  such  as  needed  improve- 
ment. In  this  way  I  have  stripped  the  subject  of  all  unne- 
cessary machinery  and  useless  Verbiage,  and  retained  only 
such  principles  as  have  been  found  necessary,  with  the  aid 
of  my  improvements,  for  the  work  of  verbatim  reporting. 
Further  than  this  I  do  not  claim  originality.  I  am  will- 
ing at  all  times  and  under  all  circumstances  to  ascribe 
honor  and  praise  to  Isaac  Pitman,  Benn  Pitman,  James  E. 
Munson,  Andrew  J.  Graham,  Elias  Longley,  Andrew  J. 
Marsh,  Henry  M.  Parkhurst,  D.  L.  Scott  Brown,  Mrs. 
Eliza  J.  Burns,  and  others, — noble  reformers)  Who  have 
snapped  asunder  the  ties  to  antiquated  dogmas  and  follies, 
scattered  them  to  the  winds,  and  become  pioneers  in  this 
department  of  human  knowledge.  I  will  not  detract  from 
their  merits,  nor  undervalue  their  work,  but  will  try  to 
glean  what  they  have  left,  and  add  my  mite  to  what  they 
have  done.  I  commend  the  books  of  these  several  au- 
thors to  my  students,  believing  that  the  perusal  of  them, 
instead  of  detracting  from  their  progress,  will  add  to  their 
advancement  in  the  end. 

These  lessons  are  but  a  contribution  to  the  common 
cause  of  Phonography,  and  I  trust  will  lead  many  into  a 
knowledge  of  this  useful  and  beautiful  art. 
3 

448406 


PREFACE. 
SPECIAL   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

First,  to  Isaac  Pitman,  of  Bath,  England,  for  the  general 
principles  upon  which  these  lessons  are  founded.  To  his 
creative  genius  belongs  all  the  praise  for  the  discovery  of 
the  art'.  To  him  belongs  the  victor's  wreath  for  its  tri- 
umphant success. 

"  Shower  on  him  your  sweetest  flowers, 
Let  the  air  resound  with  his  praise." 

Secondly,  to  Henry  M.  Parkhurst,  author  of  the  "  Phono- 
Stenographer,"  for  many  useful  and  valuable  principles,  in- 
corporated by  his  permission  in  these  lessons.  Mr.  Park- 
hurst  stands  at  the  head  of  the  profession  in  America,  and 
"his  book  abounds  in  useful  and  valuable  suggestions. 

Thirdly,  to  D.  L.  Scott  Brown,  publisher  of  the  "Pho- 
nographic Monthly,"  for  the  use  of  valuable  material, 
taken  by  permission  from  his  indispensable  magazine. 
The  marks  for  objections,  etc.,  used  in  my  law  reporting, 
were  contributed  to  the  "Monthly"  by  D.  D.  Lathrop; 
the  use  of  the  ST  loop,  to  express  the  superlative  of  ad- 
jectives whose  positive  ends  in  S  or  Z,  was  suggested 
by  John  X.  Foley ;  and  many  of  the  phrases  in  Plate  i 
of  phrase  signs  were  contributed  by  D.  D.  Lathrop, 
Henry  Husted,  Oscar  Meyor,  J.  G.  Adell,  Moses  H.  Grin- 
nell,  Theo.  C.  Rose,  H.  C.  Henney,  Frank  Van  Pelt,  and 
Melborn  H.  Ford.  I  commend  the  "Monthly"  and  its 
able  editor  and  valued  contributors  to  all  lovers  of  the  art 
of  Phonography. 

Fourthly,  to  E.  C.  Hoyt,  one  of  the  most  accomplished 
phonographers  in  America,  for  valuable  suggestions  from 
his  "Synopsis  of  Improvements  in  Phonography." 

Fifthly,  to  P.  B.  Hoyt,  of  737  Broadway,  New  York, 
my  faithful  and  accomplished  engraver,  for  the  skillful 
manner  in  which  he  has  engraved  the  plates  which  adorn 
these  pages.  Mr.  Hoyt  is  without  doubt  the  best  phono- 
graphic engraver  in  America,  and  is  destined  to  play  an 
4 


PREFACE. 

important  part  in  this  department  of  the  phonographic  art 
in  the  future. 

COMPARISON. 

For  the  purpose  of  comparing  the  system  of  short-hand 
writing  taught  in  these  lessons  with  the  systems  of  other 
authors,  I  have  used  scfme  of  the  same  exercises  selected 
by  them  to  illustrate  their  methods  of  writing.  See  "Paul's 
Defense  before  King  Agrippa,"  in  Munson's  Complete 
Phonographer ;  "Sermon  on  Immortality  of  the  Soul," 
in  Isaac  Pitman's  Reporter  ;  extract  from  David  Copper- 
field,  in  Benn  Pitman's  Reporter's  Companion;  "John 
Townshen  vs.  T.  Reymert,  and  Peter  Husted," — a  law 
case,  reported  by  Henry  M.  Parkhurst,  in  vol.  ii.,  Brown's 
Phonographic  Monthly;  "The  Lord's  Prayer,"  in  Scovil's* 
Short-Hand  and  Linley's  Tackigraphy. 

THE  AUTHOR. 


i* 


PHONOGRAPHY. 


THE  term  Phonography  (from  <pwur),  phone,  sound,  tone, 
or  voice,  and  vpayr),  graphe,  writing,  drawing,  or  marking 
with  lines)  means,  literally,  the  representation  of  sounds, 
tones,  or  voices  by  written  characters,  drawings,  or  marked 
lines.  It  is  the  title  selected  to  designate  the  system  of 
short-hand  writing  in  which  each  of  the  sounds  used  in 
speaking  the  language  are  represented  by  a  separate  and 
distinct  letter,  so  as  to  enable  the  writer  to  note  the  sounds 
composing  the  words  of  the  language  as  they  are  uttered  or 
spoken. 

The  first  step  in  the  art,  therefore,  will  be  to  ascertain 
what  sounds  are  used  in  speaking  the  words  of  the  lan- 
guage, and,  secondly,  what  characters,  or  letters,  or  draw- 
ings have  been  selected  to  represent  them.  x 

I.  The  sounds  used  in  speaking  the  English  language 
are  forty-three  in  number,  of  which  thirty-nine  are  simple 
elementary  sounds,  and  four  are  compound  or  diphthongal 
sounds,  formed  by  the  close  union  of  certain  simple 
sounds,  which  it  is  convenient  to  treat  as  elementary. 

These  sounds  are  represented  by  the  letters  of  the  Eng- 
lish alphabet,  singly  or  combined ;  and  a  complete  table  of 
them  may  be  obtained  by  taking  each  of  these  letters  and 
combination  of  letters,  and  noting  the  sound  or  sounds 
they  represent.  The  sounds  are  so  noted  in  the  following 
table.  We  have,  first,  the  letters  in  their  usual  order ;  sec- 
ondly, each  sound  of  each  letter  and  combination  of  letters, 
as  are  heard  in  the  pronunciation  of  a  given  word ;  thirdly, 

7 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


the  sound  marked  by  the  letter  which  represents  it  in  the 
greatest  number  of  words  of  the  language ;  and,  fourthly, 
the  sound  numbered  with  ordinary  figures,  care  being 
taken  not  to  number  the  same  sound  more  than  once. 
Where  the  same  sound  is  found  again,  reference  is  made 
back  to  the  place  where  the  sound  is  first  numbered. 

The  thorough  mastery  of  the  "Table  of  Sounds"  is 
essential  to  the  student's  further  progress  in  the  art,  as  it 
is  the  ground-work  upon  which  rests  its  whole  after-struc- 
ture. The  words  given  to  illustrate  the  sounds  of  the 
letters  should  be  thoroughly  analyzed,  so  as  to  separate 
the  sounds  which  compose  them  from  one  another,  that  they 
may  be  distinguished  by  the  ear,  become  fixed  in  the  mind, 
and  be  accurately  noted.  The  process  of  this  analysis  is 
simple.  Pronounce  the  word  very  slowly,  making  a  slight 
pause  after  each  of  its  sounds  are  uttered.  The  sound  of 
each  letter  may  be  thus  separated  and  considered  apart 
from  the  others. 

THE  TABLE  OF  SOUNDS. 


LETTERS. 

THEIR    SOUNDS. 

MARKED. 

NUMBER  OP 
SOUNDS. 

A-  

i.  The  sound  of     in  the  word  ale  

I 

I 

4.          "          "           "          '       ball  

5.         "         "           "         '       fare  

a 

5 

6.                      "           "          '       what  
7.          "          "           "          '       ask  

6 

6 

B  .... 

b 

j 

C  

2.          "          "           "          '       cat   

k 

sh 

D  

2.                      '           "          '       hissed  

t 

14 

2.                      '          "                 met  

i 

'5 
16 

4.         "         "     c    "         '       there  

a 

F  

x.          "          "     f     "          '       leaf 

f 

18 

2.              "              "       f      "              '          Of  

V 

'9 

i 

20 

zh 

LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 

TABLE  OF  SOUNDS.—  Concluded. 

LETTERS. 

THBIR  SOUNDS. 

MARKED. 

NUMBER  OF 
SOUNDS. 

H  

h 

i 

I 
6 

e 
j 

E 

i 

m 
n 
ng 

0 

6 
o 

9 
u 
a 

t 
P 

r 

s 
z 
sh 
zh 
t 
sh 
u 
u 

e 
9 
o 

V 

W 

z 

y 

i 
I 

e 
z 
zh 
ch 
sh 
k 
th 
th 
T 

Diphthong 
24 
See  E  i 

See  £5 
SeeGa 

25 
SeeC2 
26 
27 
28 
29 

3° 
See  A  6 

3i 
32 
33 
See  A  4 

See  I  2 
34 

35 
SeeCi 
See  €3 
See  C4 
See  63 
See  D  2 
SeeC4 
Diphthong 
SeeO  5 
SeeEs 
SeeO  3 
See  O  4 
See  Fa 
36 
SeeC3 
See  J  2 
Diphthong 
See  I  2 

SeeEs 
SeeC3 
SeeGs 

SeeC  4 
SeeCa 

38 

See  D  2 

I         

J  
K  

4.          "          "     i     "          '       virgin  
i.         "         "     j     "         '      joy  

'•    ;;    ".  f  ;;    ;   p"*  

L  
M..  
N  

O  

i.         "           '     o    "         '       note  

7.         "         "     o    "         "     women  

Represents  no  elementary  sound, 
i.  The  sound  of  r  in  the  word  roar  \ 

::::::::.:: 

s  

i           "         "     s    "           '     see  

T  

2.         "         "     s    "          '     has  

i.          «          "     t     "                 rat  

U  

V  

3.         "         "     u    "         '       urge  

W  
X  
Y  

Z  

i-               '   y  "           yet  

2.                             y                        'hy  

i.          "          "     z     "          "      zone  

CH  
TH  ..  .  . 

i.          "          "     th   "          "      thin  

2          "         "     th  "         "      thy  

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  table  that  some  of 
the  sounds  of  the  English  language  are  represented  by 
as  many  as  four  different  letters,  and  in  some  cases  one 
letter  represents  as  many  as  seven  different  sounds.-   For 

A*                                                                                                                   Q 

LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


instance,  the  sound  marked  in  the  table  by  the  letter  z,  is 
represented  by  the  letters  c,  s,  x,  and  z ;  and  the  sounds 
a;  a,  a,  a,  a,  6,  and  a  are  all  represented  in  English  by 
the  letter  A.  This  irregularity  in  the  representation  of 
sounds  renders  the  English  alphabet  very  difficult  to  learn, 
and  brings  it  in  striking  contrast  with  the  beautiful  and 
more  philosophic  alphabet  of  Phonography,  in  which  each 
of  these  sounds  are  represented  by  a  separate  and  distinct 
letter.  Dividing  the  sounds  of  the  table  into  the  time- 
honored  division  of  vowels  and  consonants,  we  have : 

Vowel  sounds :  a,  a,  a,  a,  a,  6,  a,  e,  e,  e,  i,  o,  o,  o,  u. 

Consonant  sounds :  b,  s,  k,  z,  sh,  d,  t,  f,  v,  g,  j,  zh,  h, 
z,  1,  m,  n,  ng,  p,  r,  w,  ch,  th,  th. 

The  Diphthongal  Sounds. 

In  addition  to  the  thirty-nine  elementary  sounds,  we 
have  seen  that  there  are  four  compound  sounds,  the  com- 
posing elements  of  which,  when  coming  together  in  the 
same  syllable,  are  so  closely  united  as  to  form  sounds 
essentially  elementary  in  their  nature.  These  are  called 
diphthongs,  and  are  as  follows : 

TABLE   OF   DIPHTHONGS. 

I.  The  sound  of  i  in  the  word  pine,  composed  of  the 
sounds  1  and  e,  marked  1. 

II.  The  sounds  of  oi  in  the  word  oil,  composed  of  the 
sounds  6  and  I,  marked  oi. 

III.  The  sound  of  ow  in  the  word  owl,  composed  of  the 
sounds  6  and  o,  marked  ow. 

IV.  The  sound  of  u  in  the  word  tube,  composed  of  the 
sounds  e  and  o,  marked  u. 

II.  The  characters  selected  to  represent  these  sounds  con- 
sist of  simple  straight  and  curved  lines,  dots  and  dashes. 
The  straight  and  curved  lines  represent  the  consonant 
sounds,  the  dots  and  dashes  the  vowels  and  diphthongs. 

10 


tt*  ffcoupv*  SMptabt 

CONSONANTS. 

VOWELS. 

Sounds. 

Phono- 
graphti. 

Name. 

I.—  HEAVY  DOT  VOWELS. 

\ 

•  6.   Pronounced  like  e  in  the  word  m6. 

\ 

pe 

B 

\ 

be 

.  a.          ««          "  a     "        "    ale. 

.a.            "            "   a       "          "     tar. 

T 

te 

D 

de 

11.—  LIGHT  DOT  VOWELS. 

CH 
J 

/ 

cha 

ja 

•  I.  Pronounced  like  I  in  the  word  pin. 

.  6.            "            "    5      "          "      pet. 

K 

ka 

•  a.        «•        "  a    "       "    hat. 

G 

gs 

F 

) 

Sf 

III.—  HEAVY  DASH  VOWELS. 

V 

) 

ve 

:  -  a.  Pronounced  like  a  in  the  word  ball. 

TH 

( 

rth 

i  .  0.            "             "0      "         "     note. 

TH 

( 

the 

.  o.            "            "    o      "         "     move. 

a 

^v 

gs 

Y 

Xn 

IV.—  LIGHT  DASH  VOWELS. 

L 

r 

a 

-  6.  Pronounced  like  5  in  the  word  n5t. 

R 

r 

fir 

_  u.            "            "    u      "         "     cut. 

R 

/ 

rSy 

-  o.            "           "    oo     "         "     book. 

SH 

j 

Ish 

Z 

JL 

ze 

V.—  DOUBLE  DOT  VOWELS. 

M 

^ 

ein 

:  6.   Pronounced  like  8  in  the  word  herb. 

N 

^ 

6n 

:  a.            "             "    a      "          "      fare. 

NG 

^  ,, 

Ins 

H 

^ 

ha 

DIPHTHONGS. 

W 
ZH 

\ 

wa 

/.he 

i      I.    Pronounced  like  I  in  the  word  pine. 

i    oi.                           '    oi                      oil. 

COMPOUND  STEM. 

1  OW.                "                 "    OW     "          "        OWl. 

MP 

^ 

em-p 

i  ^    a.    Pronounced  like  u  in  the  word  tube. 
ii 

LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


The  Phonographic  Alphabet. 

The  easiest  made  letters  are  assigned  to  the  most  often- 
recurring  sounds,  the  light  letters  to  the  light  sounds, 
the  black  or  heavy  letters  to  the  heavy  sounds,  the  curved 
letters  to  the  flowing  sounds,  and  the  straight  letters  to  the 
inflexible  sounds.  For  the  representation  of  the  vowels 
and  diphthongs,  upright  and  dotted  lines  are  used  to  in- 
dicate the  position  they  occupy  to  the  consonant  letters, — 
that  is,  whether  they  belong  at  the  beginning,  middle,  or 
end  of  them.  In  the  above  "Phonographic  alphabet," 
the  consonant,  vowel,  and  diphthongal  sounds,  as  found  in 
the  table  of  sounds,  are  rearranged  according  to  the  man- 
ner in  which  their  phonographic  representatives  are  made, 
so  as  to  bring  them  in  contrast  with  one  another,  to  assist 
the  memory  in  retaining  their  forms. 

Remarks  on  the  Consonants. 

When  it  becomes  necessary  to  allude  to  a  consonant, 
the  letter  representing  its  sound  will  be  generally  used  (ex- 
cept for  ray),  as  being  briefer  than  its  name. 

K,  g,  m,  n,  ng,  and  the  compound  letter  em-p,  are  made 
from  left  to  right,  and  are  called  horizontal  letters.  The 
remaining  consonants  are  called  upright  letters,  and  are  all 
made  downward,  except  1,  sh,  and  ray. 

L  and  sh  are  made  either  up  or  down.  L,  when  written 
alone,  or  when  it  is  the  only  consonant  in  the  word,  is 
written  upward.  Sh,  when  alone  or  when  it  is  the  only 
consonant  in  the  word,  is  written  downward.  In  other 
positions  1  and  sh  are  made  up  or  down,  according  to  rules 
hereafter  given. 

Ray  is  always  made  upward.  It  resembles  ch  somewhat, 
but  differs  from  it  in  the  degree  of  its  elevation,  and  the 
direction  in  which  it  is  written.  Ch  is  made  downward 
at  an  angle  of  sixty  degrees,  and  ray,  upward,  at  an  angle 
of  thirty  degrees.  Ch  /^  Ray. 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


The  student  should  note  particularly  the  direction  in 
which  all  the  letters  are  to  be  written. 

AR  and  RAY.  In  the  table  of  sounds  the  English  letter 
R  represents  two  sounds, — the  initial  sound,  as  r  in  the 
word  roar,  and  the  smooth  sound,  as  r  in  the  word  our. 
While  these  two  sounds  are  considered  as  distinct  from 
each  other,  the  distinction  will  not  be  carried  farther  in 
this  work  than  to  provide  two  letters  to  represent  them  in 
the  phonographic  alphabet.  In  the  practical  workings  of 
the  art,  no  inconvenience  results  from  considering  them  as 
a  single  sound,  modified  slightly  when  preceded  by  another 
sound  in  the  same  syllable.  The  sound  may  be  represented 
by  either  of  the  characters  provided  in  the  alphabet ;  but 
as  ray  can  be  most  conveniently  made,  it  will  be  used 
wherever  it  can  be  properly  joined,  except  before  the  letter 
m,  which  will  require  the  downward  r.  When  ray  cannot 
be  joined  conveniently,  the  heavy  r  should  be  used. 

The  sounds  s  and  z  are  each  represented  by  two  char- 
acters,— a  stroke  and  a  circle.  The  circles  may  be  distin- 
guished from  each  other  by  making  one  side  of  the  z  circle 
black.  No  such  distinction  is  necessary,  however,  in  rapid 
reporting,  it  being  left  to  the  context  to  determine  which 
sound  it  represents.  Where  two  or  more  letters  are  used 
to  represent  the  same  sound,  they  are  each  used  in  different 
positions  and  under  different  circumstances,  and  therefore 
amount  virtually  to  a  single  letter. 

The  great  principle  upon  which  Phonography  is  founded, 
of  providing  a  distinct  letter  to  represent  each  of  the  sounds 
of  the  spoken  language,  is  not,  therefore,  strictly  speaking, 
violated  by  this  arrangement.  These  remarks  apply  to  the 
w  and  y  letters,  which  are  also  represented  by  more  than 
one  character. 

Zhe,  when  made  slowly,  should  contain  two  indenta- 
tions; as,  \;  but  in  rapid  reporting  it  is  simply  a  wave 
line,  as  \. 

This  character  at  first  view  may  seem  to  be  unsuited  to 

2  13 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


rapid  reporting  ;  but  its  use  during  several  years  has  dem- 
onstrated its  utility.  The  original  object  of  its  introduc- 
tion was  to  secure  the  sign  heretofore  used  to  represent 
this  sound  to  represent  another  sound  in  the  reconstruction 
of  the  phonographic  alphabet. 

The  straight  letters  should  be  made  straight  and  accurate, 
great  care  being  used  to  give  them  the  proper  directions. 

The  curve  letters  are  parts  of  circles,  and  should  be  well 
curved  and  made  with  great  precision. 

The  light  strokes  should  be  made  as  light  as  it  is  possible 
to  trace  them,  that  they  may  be  readily  distinguished  from 
the  blacker  strokes,  which  require  a  heavy  shade. 

EXAMPLE. 


P.        B.        Ch.         J.       F,      T.       Th.      The.       8. 

The  straight  letters  are  shaded  uniformly  from  beginning 
to  end  ;  but  the  curve  letters  only  in  the  centre. 

The  phonographic  characters  should  be  made  about  the 
size  in  which  they  appear  in  the  phonographic  alphabet. 

Remarks  on  the  Vowels  and  Diphthongs. 

I.  The  vowels  and  diphthongs  have  no  other  names  than 
their  sounds. 

II.  When  placed  to  the  consonants  in  forming  words, 
they  will  occupy  to  them  the  same   positions  that  they 
occupy  to  the  dotted  line  in  the  phonographic  alphabet. 

III.  They  should  be  written  as  close  to  the  letters  as 
they  can  be,  without  touching  them. 

IV.  They  should  be  written   either  at  the  beginning, 
middle,  or  end  of  letters,  as  they  are  found  placed  to  the 
dotted  lines.    Those  vowels  or  diphthongs  that  are  written 
at  the  beginning  of  the  letters  are  called  first-place  vowels 
or  diphthongs  ;  those  at  the  middle  of  the  letters,  second- 
place  vowels  or  diphthongs  ;  and  those  at  the  end,  third-place 
vowels  or  diphthongs. 

14 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


The  beginning  of  a  letter  is  always  the  point  at  which 
it  is  commenced.  A  letter  made  from  left  to  right  will 
have  its  beginning  at  the  extreme  left ;  if  made  downwards 
to  the  line,  its  beginning  will  be  its  farthest  point  from  the 
line ;  if  made  upward  from  the  line,  its  beginning  will  be 
its  nearest  point  to  the  line.  Wherever  it  is  commenced 
is  its  beginning,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  consonant 
letters  are  placed  all  the  first-place  vowels  and  diphthongs. 
Having  the  position  of  the  first-place  vowels  and  diph- 
thongs, the  position  of  the  second-  and  third-place  vowels 
and  diphthongs,  at  the  middle  and  end  of  the  consonant 
letters,  can  be  readily  ascertained. 

EXAMPLE. 

Be.    Pay.    Bak    He.   La.    Lou.    Be.   TUy.     Rue.       She. 

V.  A  vowel  or  diphthong  coming  before  an  upright  con- 
sonant will  be  placed  to  the  left  of  it ;  or  if  after  it,  to 
the  right  of  it.     If  the  letter  is  a  horizontal  consonant,  a 
vowel  or  diphthong  coming  before  it  will  be  placed  above 
it ;  or  if  after  it,  below  it. 

EXAMPLE. 

•  ••  '•••  !«•••««•   .••«»»     •  1  •  *  •  •  «  «  «  »   •  •  •  fi  i  .     .!.»..«.  ,.»»..i 

Up.     Ed.     Each.     Eke    Pay.    JJo.     Bay.     Gay.     In.    Me. 

VI.  The  dash  vowels  are  written  at  right  angles  to  all 
the  consonant  letters,  their  direction  being  suited  to  the 
position  of  the  letters.     The  dash  diphthongs  and  double- 
dot  vowels  occupy  a  position  parallel  to  that  of  the  con- 
sonant letters  to  which  they  are  placed. 

EXAMPLE. 
*!7. ....  5 ..................  x\. ...  .WiT.  ...* ....« 

Do,       Go.       By.       My.       Dare.       Her.      Maw.       Paw. 

The  vowels  a  and  a  are  so  nearly  alike  that  the  letter 
representing  a  will  be  used  also  to  represent  a. 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Joining  the  Consonants. 

The  consonant  letters  are  joined  to  each  other  in  the 
following  manner :  as  soon  as  the  first  letter  is  completed, 
trace  the  second  letter  at  once,  without  lifting  the  pen,  just 
as  if  no  letter  preceded  or  is  to  follow  it.  When  the  sec- 
ond letter  is  finished,  trace  the  third,  and  so  on  until  the 
desired  combination  is  completed.  Make  each  letter  in 
its  proper  direction.  If  its  direction  is  upward,  as  is  the 
case  with  Ray,  make  it  upward ;  if  downward,  as  is  the 
case  with  T,  make  it  downward ;  if  from  left  to  right,  as 
is  the  case  with  K,  strike  it  to  the  right.  Between  the 
letters  thus  joined  there  will  be  no  other  angle  than  that 
resulting  necessarily  from  the  juncture  of  the  letters.  The 
student  is  cautioned  to  make  no  angle  between  P  and  N, 
B  and  N,  L  and  N,  TH  and  N,  and  TH  and  N ;  but  to 
make  a  distinct  angle  between  W  and  N,  and  H  and  N. 
When  two  straight  letters  are  made  in  the  same  direction, 
and  one  is  light  and  the  other  black,  the  shade  is  made 
gradually  between  them. 

The  following  exercise  will  illustrate  the  mode  of  joining 
consonants  : 

EXERCISE  1. 


L...  2 . ^L 5 ..  &  ...U  .. 


16 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


KEY    TO    EXERCISE    I. 

TK,  DK,  PP,  BB,  PB,  KK,  KG,  FV,  BK,  CH-J,  CH-M, 
DD,  DP,  KB,  TM,  HH,  MM,  NM,  M-NG,  NN,  NM~,  MT, 
NT,  PN,  BN,  HN,  WN,  CH-N,  LN,  L-NG,  RK,  RM, 
LM,  R-ZH,  M-ZH,  L-ZH,  ZN,  RP,  MLT,  FN,  NL,  KL, 
HL,  HR,  MJ,  TN,  M-CH,  F-TH,  N-SH,  P-SH,  BP,  VT, 
L-MP,  T-MP,  RT. 

The  S  and  Z  circles  are  joined  to  other  consonants  in 
the  following  manner:  a  half-circle  is  made  in  such  a 
position  as  to  form,  with  the  letter  to  which  it  is  joined,  a 
perfect  circle.  When  at  the  beginning  of  letters  this  half- 
circle  is  first  made,  then  by  a  continuous  motion  of  the 
hand,  without  lifting  the  pen,  the  letter  to  which  it  is  to  be 
joined  is  traced,  closing  up  the  open  part  of  the  circle. 
At  the  end  of  the  letters,  the  half-circle  is  made  after  the 
letter  is  completed,  the  half-circle  being  brought  around 
so  as  to  make,  with  a  part  of  the  letter,  the  desired  circle. 

The  following  example  will  show  the  mode  of  making 
the  circle  : 

V          5       J 


Sb.  B*         gfc.         gnu         PS*         Sr.         Bn. 

RULE.  —  The  circles  are  made  on  the  right-hand  side  of 
straight  upright  letters  ;  on  the  upper  side  of  horizontal 
straight  letters  ;  on  the  concave  side  of  curve  letters  ;  and 
on  the  most  convenient  side  of  the  angle  when  made  be- 
tween two  letters. 

Where  there  is  no  angle  at  the  place  of  joining,  as  be- 
tween K  and  K,  the  circle  is  made  in  its  proper  position  on 
the  first  letter.  (Exception  :  Ray  being  written  invariably 
upwards,  takes  the  circle  on  the  left  side;  as,  j>,  Srs.) 

EXAMPLE. 


2* 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


EXERCISE  2. 

.\0....\>.....0.....0....0 6....Q r.     n      p     J     J      U     L J J b. 


\\fj- 

L_    JS O...\_o 

The  W  and  Y  half-circle  letters  are  joined  to  other  con- 
sonants in  such  a  way  as  to  retain  always  the  proper 
position  of  their  openings.  W  may  open  either  to  the  right 
or  left,  and  Y  above  or  below. 

EXERCISE  3. 


L\. 


The  Process  of  Writing  Words  Phonographically. 

I.  Pronounce  the  word  very  slowly,  pausing  after  each 
of  its  sounds  are  uttered,  in  order  to  note  with  accuracy 
the  elementary  sounds  of  which  it  is  composed.  Take, 
for  example,  the  word  all.  Begin  to  utter  the  word  and 
pause  the  moment  the  first  sound  is  completed,  and  we 
will  have  the  sound  marked  in  the  table  of  sounds  with  a. 
Continue  after  the  pause  to  pronounce  the  next  sound, 
18 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


which  we  find  to  be  that  marked  in  the  table  of  sounds 
with  the  letter  L.  This  completes  the  sounds  and  gives  a 
written  word  corresponding  with  the  pronunciation  of  the 
word  all  (al).  It  will  be  seen  that  no  note  is  taken  of  the 
silent  1  in  the  word.  Silent  letters  represent  no  sounds, 
and  are  not  expressed  in  Phonography. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  at  all  times  that  in  Phonog- 
raphy words  are  written  according  to  their  pronunciation, 
and  not  according  to  the  method  of  writing  them  in  Eng- 
lish. Example :  the  English  word  sleigh  is  written  in 
Phonography  as  it  is  pronounced, — sla. 

In  the  early  stage  of  the  student's  practice  it  will  be 
well  to  write  down  the  sounds  of  words,  and  mark  them 
with  the  letters  assigned  them  in  the  table  of  sounds ;  but 
in  a  short  time  the  necessity  for  this  will  disappear.  Then, 
the  sounds  may  be  written  in  phonographic  characters  at 
once,  as  discerned  in  the  mind. 


Beak 

Bake 

Tar 

Kit 

Beck 

Bat 

Ball 

Boll 


EXERCISK 

b-e-k.  Move . 

b-a-k.  Pot     . 

t-a-r.  Cut 


k-i-t. 
b-e-k. 
b-a-t. 

b-a-l. 
b-o-l. 


Book  . 
Fare  . 
High. 
Boy  . 
Cow  . 


m-o-v. 

p-6-t. 

k-u-t. 

b-o-k. 

f-a-r. 

h-I. 

b-oi. 

k-ow. 


II.  After  writing  down  the  sounds  of  which  the  word  is 
composed,  the  next  step  is  to  note  the  consonant  sounds 
found  among  them. 


Bek — consonants,  b  k. 
Tar  ^"          t  r. 

Bek  "          b  k. 


EXEECISK 

Bak- 

Kit 

Bat 


:onsonants,  b  k. 
"  k  t. 

"  bt. 

'9 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


III.  The  third  step  is  to  trace  the  consonant  outline 
without  lifting  the  pen  from  the  paper.  The  outline  is 
traced  by  making  the  first  consonant,  and  when  that  is 
finished,  joining  immediately  the  second  consonant  to  it, 
and  so  on,  until  all  the  consonants  are  written,  without 
any  regard  whatever  to  the  vowels  that  may  intervene. 

EXERCISE. 

Bek — consonants,  b  k ;  consonant  outline,  \_ 
Bak  "          bk;  "  "        \_ 

Tar  "          t  r;  "  "          [/ 

Kit  "         k  t;  "  "         "H 

Bek  "          bk;  "  " 


Bat  "          b  t;  \ 

Bal  "          b  1;  "  " 

IV.  The  fourth  step  is  to  note  the  vowels  and  diph- 
thongs of  the  word,  without  reference  to  the  intervening 
consonants,  which  may  be  done  both  by  the  marks  in  the 
table  of  sounds  and  the  vowel  signs  in  the  phonographic 
alphabet,  or  either. 

EXERCISE. 


Bek  .  .  vowels,  e. 

Tar  .  .          "a. 

Bek  .  .  e. 

Hi  .  .  diphthong  I. 


Bak  .     .     .  vowels,  a. 

Kit  ...  "       I. 

Bat  ...  "       a. 

Boil  "       oi. 


V.  The  fifth  and  last  step  is  to  place  the  phonographic 
vowels  or  diphthongs  to  the  consonant  outlines  and  com- 
plete the  word. 

They  are  placed  to  the  consonants  in  the  following 
manner : 

i.  If  they  begin  a  word  they  are  placed  before  the  first 
consonant,  and  if  they  end  a  word,  after  the  last  con- 
sonant ;  as,  j/i ,  Ezra. 

20 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


2.  If  they  come  between  two  consonants  they  are 
placed  either  to  the  preceding  or  following  of  these  con- 
sonants. If  the  student  will  write  the  consonant  out- 
line tk,  | ,  and  make  a  first-place  light  vowel  before  K; 

as,  [ ,  and  then  to  the  same  outline  make  a  third-place 

light  vowel  after  T ;  as,  [ ,  it  will  be  seen  at  a  glance 

that  the  two  conflict  in  such  a  manner  as  to  render  it  im- 
possible to  tell  whether  the  vowel  is  I  or  a.  To  prevent 
this  conflict  in  the  angle  of  words  the  following  rule  is 
provided : 

RULE. — Write  the  first-place  vowels  and  diphthongs 
after  the  first  consonant,  and  the  third -place  vowels  and 
diphthongs  before  the  second  consonant;  as,  [  ,  tick, 
| .,  tack. 

The  second-place  vowels  and  diphthongs  can  be  written 
either  after  the  first  or  before  the  second  consonant ;  but 
to  distinguish  the  light  dots  and  dashes  from  the  heavy 
ones,  the  following  rule  is  provided : 

RULE. — Write  second-place  heavy  vowels  and  diph- 
thongs after  the  first  consonant,  and  the  light  vowels  and 

diphthongs  before  the  second  consonant;  as,  \ ,  bake, 

\ .  .  beck. 

Under  these  rules,  e,  I,  a,  6,  and  I  go  after  the  first  con- 
sonant; a  and  o  go  after  the  first  consonant;  e,  u,  e,  and 
oi  go  before  the  second  consonant ;  a,  a,  o,  o,  a",  ow,  and 
u  go  before  the  second  consonant.  Exceptions :  if  the 
second  consonant  is  an  S  or  Z  circle,  the  vowels  and  diph- 
thongs— first,  second,  and  third  place — will  be  placed 
after  the  first  consonant ;  as,  J^_  ,  tusk,  Ji_  ,  desk,  etc. 

The  reason  of  this  is  obvious.  The  circles  are  too  small 
to  indicate  the  positions  of  the  vowels  and  diphthongs  that 
precede  the  second  letter,  therefore  the  vowels  and  diph- 
thongs, usually  placed  before  the  second  consonant,  must 
be  placed  after  the  first  consonant. 

21 


THE  PROCESS  OF  WRITING  PIIONOGRAPIIICALLY. 

fiords. 

Sounds. 

Consonants 

Outlines. 

Vowels.  Vowel  Siyns 

rjhonny'pky. 

Beak 

bek 

bk 

V 

8 

r 

\^ 

\ 

a 

\. 

Bake 

baic 

bk 

\  

V_ 

Tar 

tar 

ti- 

lx 

1 

[S 

Kit 

kit 

ki 

~~| 

I 

* 

n 

Beck 

bik 

.bk 

v_ 

I 

v^ 

Bat 

bat 

bt 

\ 

a 

\ 

Back 

bak 

bk 

\J 

a 

\-l  . 

Ball 

bftl 

bl 

V 

ft 

V 

Boll 

bol 

bl 

V 

0 

- 

V 

Move 

niQv 

mv 

0 

0 

O 

\ 

0 

~~ 

. 

Pot 

pot 

pt 

\ 

'N. 

1 

u 

Cut 

kfit 

kt 

—  1 

1 

Book 

bok 

bk 

vl 

0 

1 

3 

Her 

her 

hr 

S-^ 

\^ 

Fare 

far 

fr 

ix" 

& 

"i^ 

1 

a 

1 

Shako 

shak 

shk 

s. 

a 

J* 

Cheek 

chek 

clik 

y 

Zl 

/ 

a 

/ 

Check 

chgk 

c-hk 

/-  — 

£i_ 

Make 

mak 

mk 

^^  — 

a 

• 

^^  — 

Snako 

sna'c 

silk 

^_^  — 

a 

• 

o^_ 

Dough 
Task 

do 
task 

d 
isk 

1 
J- 

0 

a 

DIPHT 

HONGS. 

'     1- 

High 

lit 

h 

V^ 

I 

i 

^ 

I 

"My 

ml 

in 

^~^ 

I 

<~^- 

Oil 

oil 

1 

r 

oi 

i 

r 

Cow 

kow 

k 

___ 

ow 

I 



Nude 

nfid 

nd 

**1 

ti 

r, 

^f 

Height 
Kite 

Llght  22 

hit 

kit 
lit 

ht 

kt 
It 

/in 

I 
I 
I 

1 
1 

/n 

WORDS  WRITTEN  PHONOGRAPHIOALLY. 


^  ,  ^  XX  L  L 

1 L, C_JL C-S...C (• ^... 

Q__^        f       v/°        -f         'f 

\,  Y     t  •  «JL_  /cs  ^ 

-^ A-<:</- 

^,...^..1 5 L£* 

.^_.-V- i- t- 

.12: ^. ^. .\ I 

i.   r  v  v  I-      /•  x*  t 

b         b          \>         v^    I  l  '          Q i  >~^      s~T*^s' 

T  '      ' 

L 

23 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


KEY  TO  THE  PLATE  OF  WORDS  WRITTEN  PHONOGRAPH1CALLY. 

Pot,  Paid,  Peep,  Bake,  Beet,  Bought,  Bat,  Bate,  Bet, 
Take,  Tack,  Time,  Tide,  Dime,  Ditch,  Doyal,  Doubt, 
Chick,  Check,  Chalk,  Chip,  Jug,  Jim,  Gem,  Joke,  Jack, 
Jennie,  Kick,  Keg,  Catch,  Get,  Gate,  Good,  Fame,  Fudge, 
Fair  or  Fare,  Five,  Vim,  Thick,  Thin,  Them,  Thy,  They, 
East,  Yet,  Sick,  Soak,  Skates,  Sky,  Scheme,  Skim,  Stay, 
Such,  Seed,  Side,  Sake,  Seem,  Same,  Psalms,  Peace,  Base, 
Baste,  Taste,  Yoke,  Lip,  Elm,  Lamp,  Latch,  Room,  Ran, 
Ring,  Rung,  Shame,  Sheep,  Shape,  Zone,  Size,  Many, 
Nine,  None,  Name,  Ink,  Bank,  Chunk,  Ham,  Home, 
Hame,  Wait,  Wit,  Wet,  Witch,  Erasure,  Stamp,  Stump, 
Imp,  Simly,  Ask,  Bask,  Task,  Tusk,  Dust,  Sale,  Musk, 
Sallie,  Cozy,  Rise,  Rays,  Busy,  Sad,  Sore,  Kneel,  Nut, 
Marry,  Money,  Boots,  Cooks,  Rocky,  Mummy,  Muddy, 
Look,  Pull,  Duck,  Deck,  Dick,  Cob,  Nib,  Pill,  Cut,  Days, 
Dice,  Boys,  Bows,  Davis,  Cold,  Gold,  School,  His,  Maim, 
Mill,  Melt,  Male  or  Mail,  Oak,  Came,  Come,  Stick. 


Rules  for  Reading  Phonographic  Words. 

I.  Begin  at  the  point  where  the  word  was  commenced. 

II.  If  the  first  consonant  in  the  outline  of  the  word  is 
an  S  or  Z  circle,  or  W  or  Y  half-circle  letter,  it  is  read 
first,  even  if  a  vowel  precedes  the  entire  word  outline ;  as, 

'f  ,  side,  1  ,  wit,  ^ ,  yawn.      In   all   other   instances, 

when  a  vowel  or  diphthong  precedes  the  first  consonant, 
it  is  read  first ;  as,  -|  ,  ode. 

III.  If  a  vowel  or  diphthong  comes  after  a  consonant, 
it  is  read  after  it ;  as,   — ^-S  ,  gory. 

IV.  If  two  vowels  or  diphthongs,  or  a  diphthong  and 
vowel,  or  a  vowel  and  diphthong,  come  before  a  letter,  the 
most  distant  one  is  read  first ;  but  if  they  come  after  a 
letter,  the  most  distant  one  is  read  last ;  as,   -j  ,  iota.    For 

24 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


the  representation  of  such  vowels  the  dissyllabic  diph- 
thongs, explained  farther  on,  may  be  advantageously  used. 
V.  Where  a  vowel  or  diphthong  comes  after  the  last 
consonant  in  the  outline,  it  is  read  last,  unless  the  last  con- 
sonant is  an  S  or  Z  circle,  then  it  is  read  just  before  these 
circles  ;  as,  ~~».  ,  cutlass,  \^  ,  abase. 


NOTE.  —  It  is  a  rule  in  Phonography  that  no  vowel  or 
diphthong  can  come  before  S  or  Z  circle  at  the  beginning, 
or  after  the  S  or  Z  circle  at  the  end,  of  word  outlines.  If 
a  vowel  or  diphthong  is  required  before  S  or  Z  at  the 
beginning  of  a  word,  or  after  S  or  Z  at  the  end  of  a 
word,  the  stroke  S  and  Z  must  be  used  ;  as,  "S^"  ,  assail, 
\TA  ,  policy. 

Rules  for  Writing  S,  Z,  W,  Y,  L,  and  SH. 

The  strokes  S  and  Z  £  ~"\  J  ^  will  be  used  in  the  fol- 
lowing positions  : 

I.  Where  S  or  Z  is  the  only  consonant  in  the  word  ;  as, 
S^,  see. 

II.  Where  the  word  begins  with  a  vowel,  and  is  imme- 
diately followed  by  S  or  Z;  as,  j/^-,  Ezra. 

III.  Where  the  word  ends  with  a  vowel  sound  and  is 

immediately  preceded  by  S  or  Z  ;  as,  f~~\,  lassie. 

IV.  Where  two  vowels  come  between  the  S  or  Z  and  the 
next  succeeding  consonant  ;  as,  ~X_9>  science. 

In  all  other  positions  the  S  and  Z  circles  \°  °  }  are  used  ; 
as,  p  ,  stay. 

Y  is  represented  by  three  letters,  —  a  stroke  and  two  half- 
circles  opening  upward  and  downward. 

The  stroke  Y  ("^^  is  joined  to  the  upright  consonant 
letters  in  forming  outlines  of  words  ;  as,  ~"V  yacht.  It  is 
used: 

B  3  25 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


I.  When  Y  is  the  only  consonant  in  the  word,  except 
for  the  words  ye  and  you,  which  may  be  represented  either 
by  the  stroke  or  half-circles  ;  as,  ^  ,  yew. 

II.  When  Y  is  the  first  consonant  in  the  word  and  is 
preceded  by  a  vowel  or  diphthong  ;  as,  ~^\:/,  oyer. 

III.  In  word  outlines  where  the  half-circles  cannot  be 
conveniently  joined  to  the  preceding  or  following  letter  ;  as, 

~>,  yes. 
The  half-circle  letters  '(      \  are  used  before  and  after 

\  w  /•>  / 

horizontal  letters  and  to  the  left  of  curve  letters  in  form- 
ing outlines  of  words  ;  also,  after  all  the  upright  letters  to 
represent  the  sound  of  u,  and  as  a  word  sign  for  the  word 
you,  as  will  be  hereafter  seen  ;  as,  ~  '  ,  yoke,  ^,  few. 

W  is  represented  by  three  letters,  —  a  stroke  and  two 
half-circles  opening  to  the  right  and  left.  The  stroke  W 
^  ^  }•  is  generally  used  : 

I.  When  W  is  the  only  consonant   in   the  word;    as, 


II.  When  W  is  the  first  consonant  in  the  word  preceded 
by  a  vowel  ;  as,  X;  _  ,  awake. 

III.  In  forming  outlines  where  the  half-circle  letters  can- 
not be  conveniently  made,  as  when  W  is  preceded  or  fol- 
lowed by  S  or  Z  ;  as,  V^,  ways. 

IV.  When  W  is  to  be  joined  to  a  hook,  as  will  be  seen 
hereafter. 

L,  when  alone,  and  when  it  is  the  only  consonant  in  the 
word,  is  written  upward.  When  it  is  the  first  consonant 
in  the  word,  preceded  by  a  vowel  ;  also,  when  following, 
and  sometimes  when  it  precedes,  the  letters  N  and  NG,  it 
is  made  downwards;  as,  £^,  elm,  /r,  nail.  In  other 
positions  it  is  made  either  up  or  down,  as  is  most  con- 
venient. 

"SH,"  when  alone,  or  when  it  is  the  only  consonant 
26 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


in  the  word,  is  written  downwards.  After  F  and  V  it  is 
written  upward;  as,  \J  ,  fish.  In  other  positions  it  is 
made  up  or  down,  as  is  most  convenient. 


EXERCISE  4. 

:...       .....  L...  X 


......  1  .......  .4s..±f.  .......  V:  ..... 

- 


KEY   TO    EXERCISE. 

Aspire,  Essence,  Lazy,  Zenith,  Society,  Fence,  Zion, 
Escape,  Easy,  Esau,  Seat,  Sack,  Sole  or  Soul,  Psalms, 
Joys,  Suppose,  Lessen,  Snow,  Noise,  Nice,  Sales,  Yale,  Yew, 
Few,  Yoke,  Youth,  Young,  New,  Woe,  Switch,  Wisp, 
Watch,  Wait,  Alum,  Kneel,  Bell,  She,  Ash,  Fishy,  Ravish, 
Shake,  Shame,  Shawl. 

Dissyllabic  Diphthongs  and.  Treble  Vowel  Sounds. 

When  two  vowels,  not  in  the  same  syllable,  come  so 
closely  together  as  to  be  conveniently  represented  by  a 
single  letter,  the  two  sounds  may  be  called  a  dissyllabic 
diphthong.  Below  is  given  a  table  of  the  most  common 
of  these  sounds.  The  student  need  only  refer  to  this  table 
as  he  needs  these  signs  or  finds  them  useful  in  his  after- 
practice.  They  are  scarcely  ever  used  in  actual  reporting. 

When  a  vowel  comes  immediately  before  or  after  a 
proper  diphthong,  sometimes  it  is  convenient  to  have  a 
single  character  to  represent  the  three  sounds.  See  table 
following  for  the  most  important  of  these. 

27 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Like  the  dissyllabic  signs,  the  signs  for  these  treble 
sounds  will  be  but  little  used. 

Sounds  nearly  similar  to  those  represented  in  the  two 
tables  may  be  represented  by  the  same  sign ;  as,  I  a  for 
e  a,  etc. 

TABLE  OF  DISSYLLABIC  DIPHTHONGS. 


;v  a  i     :v  e  i      1>»  o 
;  v  a  i      i  A  p. 


A   U  1 
A   Ol 


a 


^i  a 


TABLE  OF  TREBLE  VOWEL  SOUNDS. 

£—  —   •*** 

A          t*~  B  I 

•  v   i    s  y 

i  01  i    i«.H  e 


it-  owe 

EXERCISE. 

../.& if A * .j£ 4v..... 

Etadio.        Itlea,        lota,         Ohio*       Towel.         GeneiL 

WH. 

The  compound  sound  represented  by  WH  in  the  Eng- 
lish language  is  composed  of  the  sounds  represented  in  the 
table  of  sounds  by  the  two  letters  H  and  W.  In  the  pro- 
nunciation of  words  containing  this  sound,  the  aspirate  H 
precedes  the  sound  of  W,  instead  of  following  it,  as  the 
English  letters  WH  seem  to  indicate.  Thus,  wile  with 
the  aspirate  preceding,  becomes  hwile ;  and  wet,  hwet, 
etc.  Mr.  Walker,  in  his  "Rhetorical  Grammar,"  says: 
"This  is  no  more  than  placing  the  aspirate  in  its  true 
position,  before  the  W,  as  it  is  in  the  Saxon,  which  the 
words  come  from  ;  where,  we  may  observe,  that  though 
28 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


we  have  altered  the  orthography  of  our  ancestors,  we  have 
still  preserved  their  pronunciation."  In  Phonography  this 
compound  sound  may  be  represented  by  the  following 
letter  :  X^  . 

EXAMPLE. 

Wk  oy-  «  (*  £>  tl 

...  .S  ..«.  oV*  •«••..••  rr^r.  ......  .N  •••«  »•  •  j7«»«»»»«  •  •  A^ 

WBeafc.      'Wheel.        When-        What*        Which.      Whip- 

ail. 

The  compound  ?ound  usually  represented  by  the  letters 
Qu  in  the  English  language  is  composed  of  the  sounds 
represented  in  the  table  of  sounds  by  the  letters  K  and 
W  ;  as,  kwen  for  queen  ;  kwench  for  quench,  etc.  In 
Phonography  this  sound  is  represented  by  the  following 
character  :  c  _  ,  kw. 

EXAMPLE. 

Queen.       Quad:*      Quail,          Qua"ke.       Quick*         Quiet. 

MP  or  MB. 

The  frequently-recurring  sounds  of  MP  and  MB  are 
represented  by  the  compound  stem  /  —  s  ,  mp.  The  sign 
represents  both  collection  of  sounds.  The  context  will 
determine  which  is  intended  to  be  used. 

EXAMPLE. 


Stamp,  Thumb,  Lamp,  Lamb. 

KEY   TO   WORDS   WRITTEN    PHONOGRAPHICALLY. 

Tide,  Tile,  Toil,  Mile,  Knife,  Ripe,  Nice,  Noise,  Tiny, 
Boil,   Joy,   Decoy,   Spoil,   Out,   Our,  Vow,  Thou,   Cow, 
Mouth,  Tube,  Duty,  Beauty,  Pure,  Cube,  Mule,  Less,  Sob, 
3*  29 


WORDS  WRITTEN  PHONOGRAPHIC  ALLY. 


LL 


\ 


IL 


.......  s_^. 

)_.  ..... 


C^—  T  ..C-? 


30 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Soap,  Slow,  Reap,  Rip,  Rope,  Rap,  Snap,  Snipe,  Couch, 
Foul  or  Fowl,  Decay,  Gale,  Rush,  Rank,  Racy,  Daisy, 
Dews,  Rash,  Ark,  Rhyme,  Theory,  Miry,  Faith,  Narrow, 
Charity,  Purpose,  Jury,  July,  Terrify,  Variety,  Health, 
Wealth,  Howl,  Heap,  Heavy,  Holy,  Homely,  Policy, 
Folly,  Monthly,  Mellow,  Finely,  Link,  Length,  Lounge, 
Dash,  Fish,  Nothing,  Admire,  Fact,  Admonish,  Belong, 
Family,  Head,  Absurdity,  Expensive,  Reduce,  Research, 
Lesson,  Justice,  Succeed,  Derange,  Zenith,  Zinc,  Society, 
Counsel,  Rely,  Outside,  Ride,  Pages,  Nick-nack,  Alma- 
nac, Hazy,  Lizzie,  Cask,  Chest,  Posy,  China,  Escape, 
Endow,  Guinea,  Fig,  Space,  Opposite,  Viceroy,  Chosen, 
Elicit,  Business,  Bees,  Music,  Sarah,  Widow,  Occupy, 
Wedge,  Witchery,  Agony,  Elbow,  Coffee,  Lime,  Hasty, 
Hatch,  Unseen,  Spicy,  Uneasy,  Six,  Sought. 

Contractions. 

The  instructions  given  in  the  preceding  pages,  if  fully 
mastered,  will  enable  the  student  to  write  the  words  of 
the  English  language  in  shorter  and  more  simple  forms 
than  by  the  ordinary  script  of  the  language;  but  these 
forms,  short  as  some  of  them  are,  do  not  come  up  to  the 
demands  of  verbatim  reporting.  It  is  necessary  to  greatly 
contract  them,  that  they  may  occupy  less  space,  and  be 
more  quickly  written. 

The  forms  are  contracted  : 

I.  By  means  of  hooks  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  let- 
ters, to  represent  other  letters  and  syllables. 

II.  By  joining  the  S  and  Z  circles  to  the  hooks. 

III.  By  doubling  the  S  and  Z  circles  and  flattening  them 
into  loops,  to  add  other  letters  or  syllables. 

IV.  By  halving  the  letters,  to  add  T  or  D. 

V.  By  doubling  the  letters,  to  add  syllables. 

VI.  By  trebling  the  letters,  to  add  syllables. 

VII.  By  dispensing  with  the  signs  for  vowels  and  diph- 
thongs. 

3* 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


VIII.  By  the  omission  of  a  part  of  the  consonant  out- 
line of  certain  words. 

IX.  By  using  brief  signs  for  common  syllables. 

X.  By  using  brief  signs  for  common  words. 

XI.  By  using  signs  for  phrases. 

These  will  be  treated  of  each  in  their  order. 

Phonographic  Hooks. 

Hooks  are  placed  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  letters  to 
represent  other  letters,  or  the  addition  of  syllables.  Those 
at  the  beginning  of  letters  are  called  "  initial  hooks,"  and 
those  at  the  end,  "final  hooks."  The  student  will  find 
tables  illustrating  each  of  these  classes  of  hooks.  As  soon 
as  a  hook  is  explained,  the  student  should  turn  to  the 
table  and  thoroughly  master  the  forms  there  given  under 
the  name  of  the  hook.  The  key  to  each  column  of  hooks 
is  under  the  several  expositions  of  the  hooks  in  the  text. 

I.  The  Initial  Hooks. 

The  initial  hooks  are  placed  at  the  beginning  of  the 
letters, — that  is,  at  the  points  where  they  are  commenced. 
Ray  and  L  invariably  take  the  initial  hooks  at  the  lower 
side,  or  point  next  to  the  line ;  SH  at  the  top,  or  point 
farthest  from  the  line ;  the  horizontal  letters  at  their 
extreme  left  point;  and  the  upright  letters  at  their 
top. 

i.  The  L  Hook. — This  is  a  hook  at  the  beginning, 
and  on  the  S  circle  side  of  all  the  letters.  On  the  straight 
letters  it  is  very  small,  but  on  curve  letters  it  is  very  large. 
This  hook  represents  the  letter  L,  and  indicates  that  L 
follows  the  consonant  letter  to  which  the  hook  is  placed. 
Example :  \  ,  pi.  The  combined  stem  is  pronounced  as 
if  written  pie,  ble,  tie,  etc. 

Key  to  line  1,  Table  of  Initial  Hooks.— -PI,  bl,  tl,  dl,  chl, 
32 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


jl,  kl,  gl,  fl,  vl,  thl,  thl,  sl,  yl,  11,  Rl,  rl,  shl,  zl,  ml,  nl,  ng-1, 
hi,  wl,  zhl,  mpl  or  mbl. 

2.  The  EL  Hook. — This  is  a  small  back  hook,  made 
at  the  beginning  and  on  the  S  circle  side  of  all  the  straight 
letters,  except  Ray.     It  represents  the  letter  L,  and  indi- 
cates that  it  precedes  the  consonant  to  which  it  is  placed. 
Example:  \,  Ip.     The  combined  stem  is  pronounced  as 

if  written  el-p,  el-b,  el-t,  etc. 

Key  to  line  2,  Table  of  Initial  Hooks.— -Lp,  Ib,  It,  Id, 
Ich,  Ij,  Ik,  lg. 

3.  The  KL  Hook. — This  is  the  EL  hook  made  black 
to  represent  K.     It  indicates  that  KL  precedes  the  con- 
sonant to  which  the  hook  is  placed.     It  is  used  especially 
on  K  and  G.     The  combined  stem  is  pronounced  as  if 
written  kl-k,  kl-g,  etc. 

Key  to  line  j,  Table  of  Initial  Hooks. — Kl-k,  kl-g. 

4.  The  R  Hook. — This  is  a  small  hook  at  the  begin- 
ning of  all  the  letters.     On  straight  letters  it  is  placed  on 
the  side  opposite  the  L  hook ;  but  on  curve  letters  it  is  on 
the  same  side  as  the  L  hook,  from  which  it  is  distinguished 
by  being  made  very  small.    This  hook  represents  the  letter 
R,  and  indicates  that  R  follows  the  consonant  to  which  it 

is  placed.    Example :   'X  ,  pr.    The  combined  stem  is  pro- 
nounced as  if  written  per,  ber,  ter,  etc. 

Key  to  line  4,  Table  of  Initial  Hooks. — Pr,  br,  tr,  dr, 
chr,  jr,  kr,  gr,  fr,  vr,  thr,  thr,  sr,  yr,  Ir,  Rr,  rr,  shr,  zr,  mr, 
nr,  ngr,  hr,  wr,  zhr,  mpr  or  mbr. 

5.  The  RK  Hook. — This  is  a  small  back  hook  at  the 
beginning  of  all  the  letters,  except  M,  N,  NG,  and  ZH. 
It  occupies  the  same  position  as  the  R  hook  on  straight 
letters,  and  is  placed  on  the  back  of  curve  letters.     It  rep- 
resents the  two  letters  RK,  and  indicates  that  they  follow 
the  consonant  to  which  the  hook  is  placed.     Example: 

\  ,  prk.     The  combined  stem  is  pronounced  as  if  written 
p-rk,  b-rk,  etc. 

B*  33 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Key  to  line  5,  Table  of  Initial  Hooks. — Prk,  brk,  trk, 
drk,  chrk,  jrk,  krk,  grk,  frk,  vrk,  thrk,  thrk,  srk,  yrk,  Irk, 
Rrk,  rrk,  shrk,  zrk,  hrk,  wrk. 

6.  The  W  Hook. — This  is  a  large  hook  on  the  circle 
side  of  straight  letters.     It  represents  W,  and   indicates 
that  it  follows  the  consonant  to  which  this  hook  is  placed. 
Example :  ^  ,  pw.     The  combined  stem  is  pronounced  as 
if  written  p-w,  b-w,  t-w,  etc. 

Key  to  line  6,  Table  of  Initial  Hooks. — P-w,  b-w,  t-w, 
d-w,  ch-w,  j-w,  k-w,  g-w,  r-w. 

7.  The  Y  Hook. — This  hook  is  the  same  size  as  the 
W  hook,  and  occupies  the  opposite  side  of  straight  letters. 
It  represents  Y,  and  indicates  that  it  follows  the  letter  to 
which  it  is  placed.     Example :  °\  ,  py.     The  combined 
stem  is  pronounced  as  if  written  p-y,  b-y,  t-y,  etc. 

Key  to  line  7,  Table  of  Initial  Hooks. — Py,  by,  ty,  dy, 
chy,  jy,  ky,  gy,  ry. 

8.  The  IN  Hook.— This  is  a  small  half-circle  like  that 
used   to  represent  Y  in  the  phonographic    alphabet.     It 
opens  upward  or  downward,  and  is  joined  to  any  initial 
hook.     In  the  "  table  of  initial  hooks,"  line  8,  it  is  only 
attached  to  the  R  hook  as  a  representation  of  its  use ;  it 
may  be  attached  in  the  same  manner  to  other  hooks  when- 
ever it  is  needed,  and  can  be  conveniently  made.    It  is  only 
joined  to  hooks,  and  therefore  does  not  conflict  with  the 
Y  half-circle  letters,  which  are  never  so  joined.    This  hook 
represents  the  letter  N,  or  the  syllables  in,  en,  un,  enter,  or 
inter,  and  indicates  that  one  of  these  syllables  precedes  the 
remaining  part  of  the  word.     Example :    "\  ,  inpr.     The 
combined  stem  is  pronounced  as  if  written  npr,  enpr,  unpr, 
inpr,  enterpr,  interpr,  etc.,  as  the  case  may  be. 

Key  to  line  8,  Table  of  Initial  Hooks. — Inpr,  inbr,  intr, 
indr,  inchr,  injr,  infr,  invr,  inthr,  inthr,  insr,  inyr,  inshr, 
in-zr,  inwr. 

9.  The   INS   Hook. — This  is  a  back  hook,   always 
34 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


joined  to  the  S  circle  at  the  beginning  of  letters.  It.  is 
made  so  as  to  throw  the  S  circle  on  its  proper  side  of  the 
letters  to  which  it  is  placed,  except  on  Ray,  where  it  is 
made  in  the  most  convenient  manner.  It  represents  the 
letters  N  and  S,  or  syllables  ins,  ens,  uns,  and  indicates  that 
those  letters  or  one  of  those  syllables  comes  before  the  re- 
maining parts  of  the  word.  Example :  ^,  insp.  The  com- 
bined stem  is  pronounced  as  if  written  ins-p,  ins-b,  etc. 

Key  to  line  9,  Table  of  Initial  Hooks. — Insp,  insb,  inst, 
insd,  insch,  insj,  insk,  insg,  insf,  insv,  insth,  insth,  inss, 
insy,  insl,  insR,  insr,  inssh,  insz,  insm,  insh,  insw,  inszh. 

10.  The  INSR  Hook. — This  hook  is  similar  in  ap- 
pearance to  the  INS  hook.  It  is  only  used  on  straight 
letters,  and  is  made  so  as  to  throw  the  S  circle  part  of  the 
hook  on  the  R  hook  side.  It  represents  nsr,  insr,  ensr, 
unsr.  It  indicates  that  ns,  ins,  ens,  or  uns  comes  before 
the  letter  to  which  the  hook  is  placed,  and  R  immediately 
after  it.  Example :  °^  ,  ins-p-r.  The  combined  stem  is 
pronounced  as  if  written  inspr,  isbr,  etc. 

Key  to  line  10,  Table  of  Initial  Hooks. — Inspr,  insbr, 
instr,  insdr,  inschr,  insjr,  inskr,  insgr,  inszhr. 


35 


THE  TABLE  OF  INITIAL  HOOKS-  Plate  1- 

HOOK 

HOOK 

KL 

HO.OK 

HOOK 

RK 

HOOK 

w 

HOOK 

HOOK 

HOOK 

./V5 
HOOK 

IN.SK 

HOOK 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

c\ 

"\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

f\ 

"N 

\ 

\ 

r 

r 

1 

1 

r 

1 

1 

T 

1 

r 

r 

1 

1 

r 

1 

1 

T 

T 

/ 

/• 

/ 

7 

/^ 

7 

7 

/ 

/ 

7 

/- 

7 

7 

/~) 

7 

7 

9  — 

7 

"9 

__ 

*- 

T 

T 

=- 

^ 

9 

9  — 

*- 

o 

3 

•^ 

1 

) 

c 

C 

(s 

C 

C 

c 

C\ 

C 

/x 

C 

c 

c\ 

c 

f 

) 

-) 

C*v 
/^) 

r 

r 

^ 

7 

x^S 

f~\ 

i 

A 
ij 

c/ 

? 

w 

3 

\i  ^/ 

^ 

V 

^p 

v/) 

\ 

\ 

vO 

\ 

r^ 

36 

£=- 

LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


II.  The  Final  Hooks. 

The  final  hooks  are  placed  at  the  end  of  the  letters, — 
that  is,  at  the  point  where  the  letters  are  completed. 

1.  The  N  Hook. — This  is  a  small  hook  made  at  the 
end  of  all  the  letters  to  represent  the  addition  of  the  letter 
N  to  the  letter  to  which  it  is  placed.     It  is  on  the  left  side 
of  all  the  straight  letters,  except  Ray,  which  takes  the  hook 
on  the  right  side,  and  on  the  concave  side  of  all  curve 
letters.     Example :  N, ,  pn.     The  combined  stem  is  pro- 
nounced as  if  written  p-n,  b-n,  etc. 

Key  to  line  i,  Table  of  final  Hooks. — Pn,  bn,  tn,  dn, 
chn,  jn,  kn,  gn,  fn,  vn,  thn,  thn,  sn,  yn,  In,  Rn,  rn,  shn, 
zn,  mn,  nn,  ngn,  hn,  wn,  zn,  mpn  or  mbn. 

2.  The  NGK  Hook. — This  is  a  small  back  hook  in 
the  same  position  as  the  N  hook.     It  represents  the  letters 
NG-K,  and  indicates  that  they  follow  the  consonant  letter 
to  which  the  hook  is  placed.     Example :  \  ,  pngk.     The 
combined  stem  is  pronounced  as  if  written  p-ingk-a,  b-ingk, 
t-ing-k,  etc. 

Key  to  line  2,  Table  of  Final  Hooks. — Pngk,  bngk,  tngk, 
dngk,  chngk,  jngk,  kngk,  gngk,  fngk,  vngk,  thngk,  thngk, 
sngk,  yngk,  Ingk,  Rngk,  rngk,  shngk,  zngk,  mngk,  nngk, 
hngk,  wngk,  mpngk,  or  mbngk. 

3.  The  F  or  V  Hook. — This  is  a  hook  at  the  end  and 
on  the  circle  side  of  all  the  letters.     On  the  straight  let- 
ters it  is  small,  but  on  curve  letters  it  is  large.     It  rep- 
resents either  F  or  V,  and  indicates  that  one  or  the  other 
of  these  letters  follows  the  consonant  to  which  the  hook  is 
placed.     Example :    \j ,  pf  or  pv.     The  combined  stem  is 
pronounced  as  if  written  p-f  or  p-v,  b-f  or  b-v,  etc.  • 

Key  to  line  3,  Table  of  Final  Hooks. — Pf  or  pv,  bf  or  v, 
tf  or  v,  df  or  v,  chf  or  v,  jf  or  v,  kf  or  v,  gf  or  v,  f-f  or  v, 
vf  or  v,  thf  or  v,  thf  or  v,  sf  or  v,  yf  or  v,  If  or  v,  Rf  or  v, 
4 37 

448406 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


rf  or  v,  shf  or  v,  zf  or  v,  mf  or  v,  nf  or  v,  ngf  or  v,  hf  or  v, 
wf  or  v,  zhf  or  v,  mpf  or  v,  or  mbf  or  v. 

4.  The  FL  or  VL  Hook. — This  is  a  large  hook  in 
the  position  of  the  F  and  V  hook  on  straight  letters.     It 
indicates  that  FL  or  VL  follows  the  letter  to  which  the 
hook  is  placed.    Example :  \j  ,  pfl  or  pvl.    The  combined 
stem  is  pronounced  as  if  written  p-fle  or  p-vle,  b-fle  or 
b-vle. 

Key  to  line  4,  Table  of  Final  Hooks. — Pfl  or  vl,  bfl  or 
vl,  tfl  or  vl,  dfl  or  vl,  chfl  or  vl,  jfl  or  vl,  kfl  or  vl,  gfl  or  vl, 
rfl  or  vl. 

5.  The  TIV  Hook. — This  is  a  deep  back  hook  at  the 
end  of  letters.     It  is  made  in  the  position  of  the  F  and  V 
hook  on  straight  letters,  and  on  the  back  of  curve  letters. 
It  represents  the  syllable  tiv,  and  indicates  that  it  follows 
the  letter  to  which  it  is  placed.     Example  :  \^,  p-tiv.     It 
is  made  deep  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Y  half-circle  let- 
ters ;  as,    h  ,  du,   h  >  dtiv.     The  combined  stem  is  pro- 
nounced as  if  written  p-tive,  b-tive,  etc. 

Key  to  line  j,  Table  of  Final  Hooks. — Ptiv,  btiv,  ttiv, 
dtiv,  chtiv,  jtiv,  ktiv,  gtiv,  ftiv,  vtiv,  thtiv,  thtiv,  stiv, 
ytiv,  Itiv,  Rtiv,  rtiv,  shtiv,  ztiv,  mtiv,  ntiv,  ngtiv,  htiv, 
wtiv,  zhtiv,  mptiv  or  mbtiv. 

6.  The  TER  Hook. — This  is  a  very  large  hook  on 
the  N  hook  side  of  the  straight  letters.     It  represents  the 
syllables  ter,  der,  and  ther,  and  indicates  that  one  of  them 
follows  the  letter  to  which  the  hook  is  placed.     Example : 

N^,  p-ter,  p-der,  or  p-ther.  The  combined  stem  is  pro- 
nounced as  if  written  pter-der  or  ther,  bter-der  or  ther, 
etc.,  as  the  case  may  be. 

Key  to  line  6,  Table  of  Final  Hooks. — Pter,  bter,  tter, 
dter,  chter,  jter,  kter,  gter,  rter. 

7.  The  SHUN  Hook.— This  hook  is  made  by  con- 
tinuing the  line  which  forms  the  S  circle  to  the  opposite 
side  of  the  letter,  and  forming  a  hook  like  the  NGK  hook. 

38 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


The  S  circle  and  the  line  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  letter 
constitute  the  hook  and  represent  the  syllables  pronounced 
shun  or  zhun  (such  as  tion,  sion,  etc.),  and  indicate  that 
one  of  these  syllables  follows  the  letter  to  which  the  hook 
is  attached.  The  hook  should  be  made  very  small.  Ex- 
ample :  N^ ,  pshun.  The  combined  stem  is  pronounced 
as  if  written  pshun  or  pzhun,  bshun  or  bzhun,  etc. 

Key  to  line  7,  Table  of  Final  Hooks. — Pshun,  bshun, 
tshun,  dshun,  chshun,  jshun,  kshun,  gshun,  fshun,  vshun, 
thshun,  thshun,  sshun,  yshun,  Ishun,  Rshun,  rshun,  shshun, 
zshun,  mshun,  nshun,  ngshun,  hshun,  wshun,  zhshun, 
mpshun  or  mbshun. 

8.  THE  SSHUN  Hook.— This  is  the  SHUN  hook 
made  double  size  to  represent  S  before  Shun.      The  hook 
represents  SSHUN,  and  indicates  that  it  follows  the  letter 
to  which  it  is  placed.     Example:  ^,  psshun.     The  com- 
bined stem  is  pronounced  as  if  written  psshun,  bsshun,  etc. 

Key  to  line  8,  Table  of  Final  Hooks. — Psshun,  bsshun, 
tsshun,  dsshun,  chsshun,  jsshun,  ksshun,  gsshun,  fsshun, 
vsshun,  thsshun,  thsshun,  ssshun,  ysshun,  Isshun,  Rsshun, 
rsshun,  shsshun,  zsshun,  msshun,  nsshun,  ngsshun,  hsshun, 
wsshun,  mpsshun  or  mbsshun. 

9.  The  NSHUN  Hook. — This  is  made  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  SHUN  hook  on  straight  letters,  with  the 
single  exception  that  it  is  turned  from  the  N  hook  side  of 
the  letter  to  the  circle  side ;  as,  \ ,  pnshun.     On  curve 
letters  it  is  a  hook  turned  up  near  the  back  of  the  letter. 
It  is  only  useful  on  M,  V,  and  H ;  as,  \  ,  vnshun.     The 
combined    stem   is   pronounced    as   if   written    p-nshun, 
b-nshun,  etc. 

Key  to  line  9,  Table  of  Final  Hooks. — Pnshun,  bnshun, 
tnshun,  dnshun,  chnshun,  jnshun,  knshun,  gnshun,  vnshun, 
rnshun,  mnshun. 

10.  The  NSSHUN  Hook.— This  hook  is  only  used  on 
the  straight  letters.     It  is  the  NSHUN  hook  made  double 

39 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


size  to  add  an  S  to  the  hook.  It  represents  NSSHUN,  and 
indicates  that  it  follows  the  letter  to  which  the  hook  is 
placed.  Example :  V  >  pnsshun.  The  combined  stem  is 
pronounced  as  if  written  pnsshun,  bnsshun,  etc. 

Key  to  line  10,  Table  of  Final  Hooks. — Pnsshun,  bnsshun, 
tnsshun,  dnsshun,  chnsshun,  jnsshun,  knsshun,  gnsshun, 
rnsshun. 

It  will  be  seen  that  we  have  ten  initial  and  ten  final 
hooks. 

Other  letters  may  precede  or  follow  the  hooked  letters,  in 

the  middle  or  any  other  part  of  the  word ;  as,  _rr-s>  kml, 
<^.  kvr. 

NOTE  — When  N  is  required  in  a  form  immediately  after 
a  hook,  it  may  be  represented  by  a  small  hook  turned  on 
the  inside  of  the  preceding  hook.  It  will  have  all  the 
representative  character  of  the  N  hook  proper.  This  hook 
is  used  in  only  a  few  words;  as,  heaven,  enliven,  brethren, 
etc.,  but  in  prosing  is  quite  useful.  (See  Exercise  13, 
page  89.) 


40 


TABLE  OF  FINAL  HOOKS-Plate  2. 


N 

HOOK 


HOOK 


HOOK 


HOOK 


HOOK 


SflVH 
HOOK 


HQOK 


HOOK 


\ 
\ 
J 
J 

y 


\ 
\ 


\ 
\ 

I 
I 


\> 


I 


v 

V 


c 
c 


c 
c 

J 


D 

G 
C 


n. 

C 


J 
J 


L 


Va 

X 


\ 
s 

I 
I 


V 


•4 


—Q 

— e 

A 


P 

Oi 


\ 

V 

1 
i, 


—6 
—6 


r 


df 


vji- 


\ 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


On  Vocalizing  the  Hooked  Letters. 

1.  Vowels  are  placed  to  the  letters  containing  hooks  in 
the  same  manner  as  if  the  hooks  were  not  used. 

2.  In  reading  such  combined  letters  (except  those  with 
the  EL  and  KL  hooks)  the  hooks  are  read  next  to  the  con- 
sonants to  which  they  are  placed ;  as,  \  ,  pi.    If  a  vowel  or 
diphthong  precedes  the  combined  stem,  it  is  read  before 
it ;  as,  -\ ,  able.     If  the  vowel  or  diphthong  comes  after 
the  combined  stem,  it  is  read  after  it ;  as,  ^  ,  play.     The 
vowels  are  read  as  if  the  combined  stem  were  a  single 
letter. 

3.  The  EL  and  KL  hooks  are  read  before  the  letter  to 
which  thiy  are  placed,  and  also  before  any  vowel  that  may 
precede  the  combined  letter;  as,  '\,  lip. 

EXERCISE  5. 


KEY   TO    EXERaSE   5. 

Play,  Bleak,  Blake,  Flee,  Flay,  Pray,  Bray,  Dray,  Dry, 
Cry,  Three,  Dwell,  Meter,  Mitre,  Leader,  Title,  Tattle, 
Maker,    Paper,    Petal,    Total,    Smoker,    Anchor,    Raker, 
42 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Tickle,  Fickle,  Pickle,  Ankle,  Uncle,  Bible,  Table,  Cloth, 
Rumor,.  Humor,  Clamor,  Example,  Grammar,  People, 
Taper,  Viper,  Croaker,  Piper,  Cooler,  Plow,  Primer, 
Blight,  Flag,  Lip,  Lap,  Lobby,  Light,  Load,  Latch,  Ledge, 
Like,  Look,  Leek,  Lake,  Lock,  Leg,  Lag,  Click,  Cloak, 
Clock,  Clag. 

Special  Vocalization. 

Sometimes  it  is  desirable  to  introduce  a  vowel  or  diph- 
thong between  the  letter  and  its  initial  hook  letter.  This 
may  be  done  in  the  following  manner  : 

I.  Strike  the  dash  vowels  through  the  stem  letter  at  the 
point  of  their  respective  positions  to  the  letter,  except  the 
first-place  vowels  a  and  6,  which  are  written  just  before 
the  hook  to  prevent  its  destruction  by  the  dash.    Example  : 
ic__v_  ,  colony. 

II.  By  making  the  dot  vowels  into  small  circles  (except 
e  and  a)  and  placing  the  long  vowels  before  the  combined 
letter  and  the  short  ones  after  it.     Example:   £_^,  near, 
*)  ,  fill.     The  vowels  e  and  a  come  always  before  R,  and 
may  be  made  in  the  usual  manner,  and  will  be  read  between 
the  stem  letter  and  hook.     Example  :   ^.  ,  hair,  ^,  ,  her. 

III.  By  making  the  diphthongs  i,  oi,  and  ow  into  very 
small   parallel   ellipses.      Example  :     ^)  ,    file,     J°  ,    foil, 


IV.  By  placing  the  diphthong  u  opposite  and  near  the 
end  of  the  compound  letter.     Example  :    \  ,  pure. 


EXEECISE  6. 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


KEY    TO    EXERCISE    6. 

Correct,  Course,  Curse,  Till,  Tell,  More,  Moor,  Cure, 
Secure,  Dear,  Posture,  Charm,  Farm,  Cheerless,  Careful, 
Call,  Zeal,  Figures,  Feature,  Nor,  Corpse,  North,  Very, 
Here,  Release,  Scarcely,  Car,  Sheriff,  Full. 

Vocalization  of  the  Final  Hooks. 

The  final  hooks  are  read  after  their  stem  letter  and  ac- 
companying vowels.  Example  :  \  ,  pan,  V__X-JF,  negative, 
etc.  When  desired,  the  SHUN,  SSHUN,  NSHUN,  and 
NSSHUN  hooks  may  be  vocalized  by  inserting  the  vowel 
inside  the  circle  'part  of  the  hook,  in  the  manner  provided 
for  vocalizing  the  "  SES  circle,"  hereafter  explained. 
These  hooks  are  seldom,  if  ever,  vocalized  in  reporting. 

The  final  hooks  are  never  used  at  the  end  of  outlines 
when  a  vowel  is  required  after  the  letter,  letters,  or  syl- 
lables they  represent,  as  vowels  are  always  read  before  the 
hooks.  In  such  cases  the  stroke  letters  are  used  instead 
of  the  hooks  ;  as,  '  )  ,  coffee. 

EXERCISE  7. 

j  .....  xuui  .....  a:  .....  a.  .....  a-  .......  d  .......  vo  .....  ^  .......  b 


n  ....  n  x_x~c:  .  o  ....V..4-  ..... 


KEY   TO    EXERCISE    7. 

Pan,  Pin,  Pine,  Pink,  Bank,  Sank,  Drink,  Drank,  Drunk, 
Five,  Wave,  Wove,  Devil,  Travel,  Joyful,  Dative,  Sedative, 
Negative,  Peter,  Passion,  Fashion,  Physician,  Pension,  At- 
tention, Mention,  Moon,  Run,  Shrink,  Chink,  Man,  Men, 
Nun,  Notion,  Nation,  Motion,  Earn. 
44 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


The  S  Circle  on  Hooks. 

1.  The  R  hook  on  straight  letters,  when  made  into  a 
circle,  implies  the  addition  of  the  S  circle.     Example: 
\ ,  spr.     In  such  cases  the  circle  is  read  first,  then  the 
combined  stem  and  hook,  as  if  no  S  preceded  it.     This 
will  not  conflict  with  the  circle  S,  which  is  always  on  the 
opposite  of  the  letter. 

2.  The  N  hook  on  single  straight  letters,  when  made  into 
a  circle,  implies  the  addition  of  the  "  circle  S."    Example : 

\,  pns.  When  the  circle  is  made  between  two  conso- 
nants N  is  not  implied,  as  it  is  simply  circle  S.  To  curve 
letters,  NS  is  usually  joined  by  the  stroke  N  and  the  S 
circle ;  as,  ^_p ,  fns.  It  may  also  be  represented  on  a  curve 
letter  by  a  circle  turned  to  the  rear  of  the  letter;  as,  ), ,  fns, 
or  the  "  circle  S"  can  be  turned  inside  the  hook;  as,  ^),  fns. 

3.  On  all  other  hooks  where  the  "  circle  S"  can  be  con- 
veniently joined,  the  circle  is  made  inside  the  hook  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  be  distinct  from  it ;  as,  ^ ,  spl. 

4.  The  "circle  S"  is  added  to  the  SHUN,  SSHUN, 
NSHUN,  and  NSSHUN  hooks  by  making  a  very  small 
circle  on  the  last  part  of  the  hook ;  as,  ^3  ,  psshuns. 

The  general  rule  of  reading  word  outlines  with  the  S 
circle  is  applicable  to  such  forms,  namely,  if  at  the  be- 
ginning of  an  outline,  the  circle  S  is  read  first ;  if  at  the 
end,  last ;  as,  °X  ,  supr,  (3 ,  devls. 

The  Double  Circles  and  Loops. 

i.  The  S  and  Z  circles,  made  double  size,  represent  the 
syllables  ses,  sez,  or  zez,  etc.  It  is  called  the  SEZ  circle.  If 
desired,  "SES"  and  "ZEZ"  circles  may  be  distinguished 
from  each  other  by  making  one  side  of  the  ZEZ  circle 
black;  as,  ^%,  races,  J?t  roses.  This  distinction  is  not 
necessary  in  rapid  reporting. 

45 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


2.  When  the  "  SEZ  circle"  is  made  on  the  N  side  of 
straight  letters,  N  is  implied,  and  it  becomes  nses,  etc.    Ex- 
ample :    ^N ,  bownses. 

3.  In  the  position  of  the  R  hook  on  straight  letters,  the 
R  hook  is  implied.     Example  :    C),  seztr. 

4.  These  double  circles  may  be  vocalized  by  placing 
vowels  or  diphthongs  on  the  inside  of  the  circle  as  near  the 
top,  middle,  or  lower  side  as  can  be  made,  to  represent  the 
positions  of  the  several  vowels.    Example :  °[ ,  sistr  (sister), 

j$> ,  exercise,  ^,  suspicion.  In  reporting,  the  circles 
are  not  often  vocalized.  Generally,  the  unvocalized  cir- 
cles, in  conjunction  with  the  other  part  of  the  outline,  will 
suggest  the  word. 

5.  The  S  circle  flattened  into  a  loop  represents,  in  the 
position  of  the  S  circle,  the  letters  ST;  as,   N^  ,  pst.     If 
made  in  the  position  of  the  N  hook,  N  is  added,  and  it 
becomes  NST ;  as,    ^  ,  pnst. 

The   ST  loop  shaded  will    represent    SD  or  ZD ;    as, 
S ,  rzd. 

6.  The  ST  loop  lengthened  to  two-thirds  the  length  of 
the  letter,  when  placed  on  the  circle  side  of  letters,  im- 
plies the  addition  of  R;  as,   \^  ,  pstr.     It  is  called  the 
STER  loop.    If  made  on  the  N  hook  side  of  the  letters,  N 
is  added,  and  it  becomes  the  NSTER  loop ;  as,  ^  ,  pnstr. 

7.  The  SEZ  circle  and  ST  loop  may  be  used  at  the  be- 
ginning or  end  of  letters ;  the  STER  and  NSTER  loops 
only  at  the  end  of  letters. 

8.  The  circle  S  may  be  added  to  the  SEZ  circle  and  the 
loops,  by  carrying  the  line  which  forms  them  to  the  other 
side  of  the  letter,  and  forming  a  circle  S ;  as,  ^>  ,  sfsts. 

N  may  be  added  to  the   loops  by  carrying   the   lines 
which  form  them  to  the  other  side  of  the  letter,  and  turn- 
ing it  abruptly  down;  as,  ^,  fst-n. 
46 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


NOTE. — This  principle  is  sometimes  used  with  the  circle 
S  by  some  reporters  for  such  words  as  fasten, —  ^  .  If 
used,  it  should  be  with  caution,  as  it  conflicts  with  the 
SHUN  hook.  On  the  loops  it  does  not  conflict.  It  is 
valuable  in  a  few  words. 

All  the  circles  and  loops  may  be  used  in  the  middle  of 
words ;  as,  '^Y  >  necessity. 

The  rules  for  reading  the  S  and  Z  circles  are  applicable 
to  the  SEZ  circle  and  the  loops, — that  is,  when  at  the  be- 
ginning of  an  outline,  they  are  read  first ;  if  at  the  end, 
they  are  read  last. 

EXERCISE  8. 

Q  K      X  Q  X   \    \  °\    J    J-  9 

A \2>  .O.....sJX../^O S.' D D Q:....O>.....0>....0.-...O. O. I 


J 


KEY  TO   EXERCISE   8. 

Roses,  Pieces,  Faces,  Noses,  Moses,  Races,  Cases,  Causes, 
Pances,  Bounces,  Pounces,  Prances,  Dances,  Dunces,  Sister, 
Exercise,  Pastor,  Poster,  Roast,  Coast,  Most,  Style,  Stole, 
Steal,  Steam,  Step,  State,  Cast,  Against,  Danced,  Punster, 
Spinster,  Coaster,  Duster,  Register,  Posts,  Posters,  Nests, 
Coasts,  Coasters,  Fasts,  Necessity,  Testify,  Distinct,  West- 
ern, Webster,  Impost,  Success,  Suppose,  Losses,  Chooses, 
Disposes. 

Halving-  the  Letters. 

i.  Either  T  or  D  may  be  added  to  any  letter  by  making 
it  half  its  usual  length.  The  context  will  determine  which 
is  added.  Example:  _,  kt. 

47 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


2.  If  there  is  a  final  hook,  the  T  or  D  is  added  after  the 
stem  and  hook  is  read  ;  as,   J-  ,  ten,   j.,  tent. 

3.  But  if  there  is  a  final  S  or  Z  circle  or  loop,  the  T  or 
D  is  read  before  them  ;  as,  -o  ,  gets,  <^  ,  midst. 

4.  Half-letters  may  be  used  at  the  beginning,  middle,  or 
end  of  words.  Example  :  _J£       ,  catalogue,  ,£-^r  >  armlet. 

5.  Half-length  letters  are  vocalized  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  whole  lengths,  —  the  T  or  D  coming  after  the  vowels 
or  final  hooks.     Example:   v,  bound. 

Care  should  be  taken  not  to  use  the  half-length  letters 
where  the  forms  will  not  be  legible,  or  where  a  vowel  is 

required  after  the  T  or  D  ;  as,  \.  ,  piety,  not  ^  . 
EXERCISE  9. 


...SL.  ......  ---  i. 


KEY   TO    EXERCISE    9. 

Get,  About,  God,  Doubt,  Rapid,  Wind,  Went,  Want, 
Patient,  Find,  Bend,  Art,  Need,  Night,  Feed,  Foot,  Stu- 
dent, Esteem,  Bottom,  Wisdom,  Anticipate,  Midst,  Hated, 
Noted,  Estimate,  Sent,  Could,  Good,  Made,  That,  Mod- 
erate, Evident,  Intend,  Forget,  Indebted,  Freedom,  Date, 
Hurt,  Word,  Trained,  Sprained,  Friend,  Ancient,  Stand. 

Doubling  the  Letters. 

The  syllable  "er"  may  be  added  to  any  letter  that  has 
no  initial  R  hook,  by  making  it  double  its  proper  length. 
If  the  letter  has  an  initial  R  hook,  L  is  added. 
If  there  is  a  final  hook  to  the  letter,  the  ER  or  L  is 
added  after  the  hook.      The  final  circles,  double  circles, 
and  loops  are  added  after  the  ER  or  L. 
48 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


EXERCISE  10. 


KEY   TO    EXERCISE    IO. 

Abler,  Manner,  Idler,  Flowers,  Liberty,  Labor,  River, 
Ledger,  Hankering,  Banker,  Tinker,  Sinker,  Insufferable, 
Girls,  Furl,  Pearl,  Curl,  Trial,  Journal,  Charles,  Parliament, 
Dinner,  Banner,  Planer,  Trundle-bed,  April,  Yearling. 

Trebling  the  Letters. 

The  syllables  ter,  der,  and  ther  may  be  added  to  any 
letter  by  making  it  three  times  its  usual  length. 

To  NG  the  syllable  ger  may  be  added  in  the  same 
manner. 

Where  there  is  a  final  hook  the  syllables  are  added  after 
the  hook.  A  final  circle,  double  circle,  or  loop  is  added 
after  the  syllables. 

EXERCISE  11. 


KEY   TO    EXERCISE    II. 

Murder,  Render,  Surrender,  Surrendered,  Mother,  Fa- 
ther, Thither,  Water,  Weather,  Matter,  Further,  Neither. 

KEY  TO  PL^TE  OF  CONTRACTED  FORMS. 

Plug,    Claim,    Flame,    Ample,    Black,    Panel,    Gleam, 
Ledge,  Prime,  Brick,  Track,  Drake,  Creek,  Cream,  Grieve, 
Frame,  Over,  Ever,  Three,  Owner,  Honor,  Hammer,  Queen 
c  5  49 


CONTRACTED  PHONOGRAPHIC  FORMS. 


jcA/^JsJLsO: 


f  •  G o) 


(O   .rb.-rb 


v  ..j,  x,  ^ 


r        »• 

.  .  J 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Entrails,  Unsafe,  Instruct,  Instruction,  Instructor,  Inscribe, 
Pin,  Ben,  Ten,  Dine,  Dinner,  Chin,  Gin,  Can,  Again,  Fun, 
Vine,  Thin,  Thine,  Line,  Lone,  Shine,  Zone,  Man,  Men, 
Nine,  None,  Henry,  Wine,  Banker,  Tinker,  Kink,  Crank, 
Think,  Thank,  Link,  Rink,  Shank,  Zink,  Monk,  Mink, 
Hank,  Wink,  Pave,  Beef,  Tone,  Dinner,  Chief,  Thief, 
Love,  Live,  River,  Shave,  Move,  Never,  Knife,  Enough, 
Weave,  Imperative,  Native,  Nativity,  Daughter,  Gaiter, 
Writer,  Attraction,  Auction,  Occasion,  Suction,  Sanc- 
tion, Selection,  Reception,  Vision,  Section,  Session, 
Caution,  Station,  Edition,  Addition,  Useful,  Course,  Curse, 
Till,  Tell,  Cold,  Gold,  Golden,  Court,  Court-house,  Beau- 
tiful, Torment,  Corrected,  Legal,  Tolerable,  Cheerless, 
Charm,  Moral,  Real,  Rail,  Rule,  Railway,  Near,  Part,  Car, 
Horse,  Veer,  Told,  Call,  Cure,  Hear,  Park,  Parker,  Bark, 
Fork,  Lark,  Shark,  Work,  Ark,  Garment,  Mourns,  Morn- 
ing, Turns,  Burns,  Churns,  Learn,  Born,  Corn,  Prove, 
Brown,  Brain,  Groove,  Drove,  Learner,  Spring,  Sprinkle, 
Straw,  Strive,  Strength,  Strip,  Straddle,  Scream,  Secure, 
Succor,  Struck,  Scrap,  Stream,  Pens,  Pins,  Binds,  Pines, 
Shines,  Mans,  Runs,  Bound,  Found,  Abandon,  Refined, 
Derive,  Derived,  Renown,  Engrave,  Engraved,  Observe, 
Cloudy,  Reprove,  -Measure,  Remain,  Clothed,  Abstain, 
Labor,  Liberty,  Entitled,  Kindness. 

Dispensing  with  the  Signs  for  Vowels  and  Diphthongs. 

Phonographic  forms  may  be  still  further  contracted  by 
leaving  off  the  vowel  and  diphthongal  signs,  and  using 
only  the  consonant  outlines  of  the  words  to  represent 
them.  To  prevent  ambiguity  from  this  principle  of  con- 
traction, these  consonant  outlines  are  written  in  three 
positions,  corresponding  with  the  three  positions  which 
the  vowels  occupy  to  the  letters,  for  the  purpose  of  imply- 
ing one  of  the  class  of  vowels  belonging  to  the  position 
which  the  outline  occupies. 

The  first  position  is  above  the  line  of  writing.  Hori- 

51 


READING  EXERCISE. 


.Rev    22.    1-3 


€')  -  v,')  C  £1*  ^  0  ~')  C  T')  1 .  o  o  .C' 

i 

)  C*  ^^^^J  C  C    0  f  ^L  \x"  P°       ")  3 

c 

-?  .S  ^  1  ; 

o 

...^N....S»D  .<y"  >  ...s^...  .S 

C   •    o    .( 

i 

f-    , 

Vg    X 

..N»_>'.  .XT /• -^  ...  i—  •  ..  — ^- •»-..  ^---  " 

s, . J .A ..c.'IN  C..X?' )..('.. Ax').. C 

>    ^-  ..N/~TN  .  X...v_>....>J S 

,'\    /••  ^-W^    ^)-  /- 

«•          I 

U-\r- 

52 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


zontal  letters  are  written  about  the  height  of  the  letter  T 
above  the  line,  and  the  upright  letters  about  one-fourth 
their  length  above  the  line.  When  an  outline  is  written 
in  this  position,  some  one  of  the  first-place  vowels  and  diph- 
thongs (e,  I,  a,  6,  1)  is  implied  or  understood.  Example  : 


The  second  position  is  on  the  line  of  writing.  The  up- 
right letters  come  down  to  the  line,  and  the  horizontal 
letters  rest  on  it.  When  an  outline  is  written  in  this  posi- 
tion, some  one  of  the  second-place  vowels  or  diphthongs 
(a,  6,  e,  e,  u,  oi)  is  implied  or  understood.  Example : 
_  [ 

The  third  position  is  through  the  line  for  the  upright 
letters,  and  immediately  below  the  line  for  the  horizontal 
letters.  When  an  outline  is  written  in  this  position, 
some  one  of  the  third-place  vowels  or  diphthongs  (a,  a, 
o,  o,  a,  ow,  u)  is  implied  or  understood.  Example : 


i 
As  only  one  vowel  is  implied  or  understood  from  the 

position  of  the  outline,  that  vowel  will,  of  course,  be  the 
leading  one  of  the  word, — its  accented  vowel. 

EXAMPLE. 

K       ^       V      (    ^     ^ 

•»••••»•»• .  •.  >••>••  • «/» >  •  >  •  •••<••«•  h « • « •  •  f* . .  ••••>••• 

Bepeat.    Dally.       Kapld         Bale.     They.     May,      Know, 

The  context,  assisted  by  the  memory  of  the  writer,  will 
determine  which  one  of  the  several  vowels  belonging  to 
the  position  the  outline  occupies  is  to  be  implied  or  under- 
stood, to  make  up  the  most  prominent  or  suggestive  part 
of  the  word. 

In  some  rare  instances,  where  several  forms  are  similar 
and  conflict  with  each  other,  it  is  advisable  to  insert  such 
one  of  the  vowels  in  the  outline  as  will  distinguish  them 
from  each  other;  as,  \^,  obey. 

5*  53 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Where  two  outlines  in  their  proper  position  conflict  with 
each  other,  one  of  them  may  be  written  in  another  posi- 
tion. Great  caution  is  required  in  the  use  of  this  license. 
Example:  Men,  any,  their,  and  there  are  written  in  the 
first  position ;  man  and  him  in  the  second  position  ;  though 
and  those  in  the  third  position. 

Omission  of  a  Part  of  the  Outline. 

In  a  few  instances  parts  of  the  consonant  oulines  of 
words,  where  no  signs  for  the  words  are  provided,  may  be 
omitted.  These  are : 

I.  P  occurring  immediately  between  M  and  K,  or  T, 

or  any  syllable  pronounced  shun  ;  as,   [^ ,  tempt. 

II.  T  coming  after  S  and  followed  by  another  consonant 
when  it  cannot  be  conveniently  made;  as,  s-rf,  mostly. 

III.  K  and  G  after  NG;  as,  <i_p/,  sanction. 

IV.  K,  sometimes,  when  preceding  the  syllables  pro- 
nounced shun  or  zhun  in  words  of  more  than  two  syl- 
lables; as,  £;,  instruction. 

V.  R  from  the  outline  of  words  containing  SKR,  except 
in  the  words  scribe,  inscribe,  and  ascribe ;  and  N  before  S 
in  forms  where  circle  S  is  used  between  two  other  conso- 
nants ;  as,  -J^ s>,  transcript. 

The  student  will  find  many  examples  of  these  omissions 
scattered  through  the  pages  following. 

Signs  for  Syllables. 

The  form  of  a  word  may  be  contracted  by  using  a  brief 
sign  for  one  or  more  of  its  syllables.  This  sign  is  gen- 
erally connected  with  the  remaining  part  of  the  word  out- 
line, but  when  necessary,  may  be  disconnected  from  it. 
The  syllabic  signs  used  in  reporting  are  quite  numerous, 
but  are  readily  comprehended  and  easily  remembered. 
The  student  will  find  the  signs  explained  in  the  text,  and 
54 


LESSONS   IN   PHONOGRAPHY. 


many  examples  introduced  to  illustrate  them.  The  ex- 
amples are  all  beautifully  engraved  in  Phonography  on  the 
plate  next  following  the  explanation  of  the  sign.  Reference 
should  be  made  to  the  plates  as  the  syllables  are  reached, 
and  the  phonographic  form  of  each  example  given  be  thor- 
oughly mastered. 

Con,  Com,  and  Cog  are  not  generally  expressed  by 
reporters,  the  most  common  words  containing  either  of 
these  syllables  being  written  without  indicating  the  syl- 
lable at  all.  In  some  cases  they  are  implied  by  writing 
the  remaining  part  of  the  word  very  close  to  or  under  the 
preceding  word  of  the  sentence. 

In  rare  cases,  where  ambiguity  might  result  from  the 
omission,  the  syllables  are  represented  by  a  dot  imme- 
diately preceding  the  remaining  part  of  the  outline. 

When  either  of  the  syllables  come  in  the  middle  of  the 
word,  the  preceding  and  following  part  of  the  outline  is 
disjoined  to  imply  it. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  i.) 

Combine,  Combined,  Combination,  Comfort,  Comfortable,  Com- 
mandment, Commence,  Commenced,  Commencement,  Commences, 
Commission,  Communicate,  Communication,  Community,  Company, 
Accompany,  Comparative,  Comparatively,  Compel,  Complete,  Com- 
pletely, Completion,  Comply,  Compliance,  Compliment,  Compliment- 
ary, Conceive,  Comprehensible,  Comprehension,  Conceal,  Concealed, 
Concentrate,  Concentration,  Concern,  Concerned,  Concert,  Console, 
Consolation,  Conclude,  Conclusion,  Conclusive,  Condemnation,  Con- 
densation, Condition,  Conduct,  Conform,  Conformable,  Congenial, 
Congeniality,  Congratulate,  Congratulation,  Conjecture,  Conjunction, 
Conscience,  Conscientious,  Conscientiousness,  Conscious,  Concisely, 
Consciousness,  Consequent,  Consequence,  Consequential,  Conservative, 
Consider,  Consideration,  Consist,  Consistent,  Consistency,  Consistence, 
Consonant,  Conspicuous-ly,  Constant,  Constituent,  Constitute,  Constitu- 
tion, Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Constitutionally,  Construction, 
Consume,  Consumption,  Contain,  Contained  or  Contend,  Contains, 
Contaminate,  Contamination,  Contemplate,  Contingency,  Contingent, 
Continue,  Continuance,  Contract,  Contraction,  Contrast,  Contrary,  Con- 

55 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


trived,  Convenience  or  Convenient,  Conversation,  Conversational,  Con- 
vert, Convict,  Conviction,  Cognizant,  Cognizance,  Cognomen,  Incom- 
plete, Misconstrue,  Decompose,  Recommend,  Recommendation,  Mis- 
conduct, Non-conductor,  Discompose,  Unrecompensed,  Incumbent, 
Encumbered,  Disencumbered,  Incognito,  Cumbersome,  Encumbrance. 

In  the  following  examples,  where  the  syllable  comes  in 
the  middle  of  the  word,  the  parts  are  joined  without  leav- 
ing the  usual  space  between  them  : 

Inconsiderable,  Inconsiderate,  Inconsideration,  Inconsistent,  Incon- 
venient, Inconceivable. 

Ing  and  Ings  may  be  represented  by  a  dot  following 
the  preceding  part  of  the  word.  When  desired,  it  may  be 
made  into  a  small  circle  or  ellipse  to  represent  "  Ings." 
Ing  may  be  represented  also  by  stroke  NG ;  or,  when  fol- 
lowing a  final  hook,  by  a  small  half-circle  hook  similar  to 
the  initial  IN  hook.  Ingly  may  be  represented  by  a  very 
short  light  dash  in  the  same  position  as  the  ING  dot,  or 
by  stroke  NG  with  the  L  hook  attached. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  i.) 

Seeing,  Hearing,  Doing,  Tasting,  Adding,  Trying,  Dying,  Living, 
Loving,  Evening,  Morning,  Doings,  Sayings,  Meetings,  Knowingly, 
Exceedingly,  Accordingly,  Understand! ngly,  Sneakingly,  Provokingly. 

Counter,  Contri,  Contra,  Contro  are  represented  by 
a  sloping  tick,  either  light  or  black,  preceding  the  remain- 
ing part  of  the  word. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  i.) 

Counterfeit,  Countersign,  Countermand,  Counteract,  Countervene, 
Counterbalance,  Contradict,  Contradiction,  Controvert,  Contribution, 
Contradistinct,  Contradistinction,  Contraband,  Contraposition. 

Ble  and  Bly  are  represented  by  B,  with  the  L  hook, 
when  it  can  be  conveniently  made,  otherwise  by  B  alone. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  i.) 

Admissible,  Attainable,  Tenable,   Impossible,  Sensible,  Profitable, 
Humble,  Amiable,  Stable,  Suitable,  Noble  or  Unable,  Ennoble,  Trem- 
ble, Crumble. 
56 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Ness  is  represented  by  stroke  N  and  circle  S  generally 
on  short  outlines,  and  on  longer  outlines  or  short  ones, 
where  it  can  be  intelligibly  made  by  the  NS  circle.  Sness 
is  represented  by  the  same  signs,  with  an  additional  circle 
S,  which  may  be  turned  on  the  other  side  of  the  letter 
when  necessary. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  i.) 

Peaceableness,  Profitableness,  Irksomeness,  Carelessness,  Doubtful- 
ness, Business,  Thoughtlessness,  Compulsiveness,  Cumbersomeness, 
Kindness,  Fondness,  Roundness,  Inwardness,  Gladness,  Gluttonous, 
Sadness,  Sacredness,  Fervidness,  Coldness,  Goodness,  Rigidness, 
Blindness. 

Less  may  be  represented  by  stroke  L  with  circle  S. 
EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  i.) 

Hopeless,  Shameless,  Needless,  Hairless,  Doubtless,  Artless,  Heart- 
less, Lawless,  Unless,  Cheerless,  Peerless,  Senseless,  Useless. 

Cir,  Ser,  and  Sur  may  be  represented  by  Ray,  with  the 
circle  S. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  2.) 

Circuit,  Circles,  Circus,  Circumvent,  Circumference,  Service,  Serve, 
Survey,  Surpass,  Survive,  Survivor. 

Cat,  Cot,  Cut,  Cut,  and  syllables  of  similar  sound, 
may  be  represented  by  a  half-length  K. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  2.) 
Catalogue,  Cottage,  Cotton,  Cut,  Cutlery,  Cut-worm. 

Dil,  Del,  Dol,  and  Dul  may  be  represented  by  D,  with 
the  L  hook. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  2.) 

Delicate,  Delve  or  Deliver,  Deluge,  Diligence,  Diligent,  Dolphin, 
Dulcet. 

Per,  Fir,  Fare,  Fair,  and  Fur  may  be  represented  by 
F,  with  the  R  hook. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  2.) 

Fervid,  Firm,  Firmament,  Fair  or  Far,  Farewell. 

c*  57 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Phil,  Fil,  and  Fool  may  be  represented  by  F,  with  the 
L  hook. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  2.) 

Fill,  Philanthropy,  Philip,  Philharmonic,  Filibuster,  Full,  Fullest, 
Fool,  Foolish. 

Ture  may  be  represented  by  the  TER  hook,  or  by  the 
letter  Y  a  little  lengthened,  preceded  by  a  half-length 
letter  to  add  T.  Tor  may  also  be  represented  by  the 
TER  hook,  when  convenient,  or  by  R  or  Ray  preceded 
by  a  half-length  letter  to  add  T,  or  when  S  immediately 
precedes,  by  the  STER  loop. 

EXAMPLES.       (PLATE    2.) 
Creature,  Creator,  Virtue,  Curvature. 

Par,  Per,  Pur,  and  Par  may  be  represented  by  P,  with 
the  R  hook. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  2.) 

Parable,  Paradise,  Paralyze,  Perish,  Perishable,  Purple,  Parch. 

Ted  and  Ded  may  be  represented  respectively  by  half- 
length  T  or  D.  After  a  full-length  T  or  D,  the  half-length 
T  or  D  may  be  inclined  in  the  direction  of  CH,  and  writ- 
ten immediately  under  those  letters. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  2.) 

Goaded,  Freighted,  Dated,  Traded,  Proceeded. 

Ment,  when  coming  after  the  N  hook,  on  all  of  the 
straight  letters,  except  Ray,  and  on  the  curve  letters  F,V,  S, 
SH,  may  be  represented  by  a  black  tick  made  in  the  direc- 
tion of  B,  and  so  formed  as  to  make  the  N  hook.  This 
tick  may  be  used  in  other  positions  if  the  reporter  desires 
and  finds  it  useful. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  2.) 

Abasement,  Intendment,  Tenement,  Contentment,  Refinement. 

59 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Syllabic  Word  Signs— Plate  2. 


Est,  the  superlative  of  adjectives,  when  added  to  a 
word  in  the  positive  degree  which  ends  in  circle  S  or  Z, 
or  their  loops,  may  be  represented  by  the  ST  loop  on  the 
same  side  of  the  consonant. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  3.) 

Wisest,  Basest,  Choicest,  Loosest,  Grossest,  Nicest,  Grossest,  Coarsest, 
Fastest. 

El,  Al,  Ul,  and  Ly  may  be  represented  by  the  stroke 
L,  or  a  small  half-circle  hook  opening  to  the  left  or  right 
perpendicularly  to  the  line ;  or  when  preceded  by  the 
letter  N,  by  N  and  the  L  hook  ;  or  when  preceded  by  N 
hook,  by  lengthening  the  N  hook. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  3.) 

Level  or  Lovely,  Novel,  Snuffle,  Shuffle  or  Shovel,  Finely,  Marvel, 
Maternal,  Hovel,  Mental,  Manly,  Lawful,  Lawfully,  Finally,  Love- 
liness, Manliness,  Impanelled,  Genial,  Daniel,  Panel,  Channel,  Tunnel, 
Funnel,  Greatly,  Badly  or  Battle,  Duly,  Goodly,  Stately,  Wisely. 

Full,  Fie,  or  Vel  are  represented  on  full-length  straight 
letters  by  the  FL  or  VL  hook ;  on  curve  letters  by  the  F 
and  V  hook,  with  the  L  half-circle  hook  attached,  or  by 
F  or  V  alone  when  the  hook  cannot  be  attached  ;  on  all 
half-length  letters  by  the  stroke  F  or  V,  with  the  L  hook. 
Fully  may  be  represented  by  the  same  sign,  or  may  be 
added  by  a  stroke  L  or  half-circle  L. 
60 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  3.) 

Travel,  Devil,  Spiteful,  Beautiful,  Dutiful,  Baffle,  Trifle,  Careful, 
Grovel,  Gravel,  Ravel,  Unravel,  Bevel,  Scuffle,  Revel,  Rifle,  Hopeful, 
Cheerful,  Cupful,  Youth/ul,  Mournful,  Painful,  Wonderful,  Ungrateful, 
Hopefully,  Peacefully,  Watchful,  Doubtful,  Useful,  Powerful,  Hateful, 
Unmerciful,  Successful,  Rightful,  Revengeful. 

Tive  is  represented  by  the  TIV  hook  on  the  part  of 
the  outline  preceding  it. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  3.) 

Sedative,  Motive,  Relative,  Native,  Nativity,  Negative,  Combative, 
Operative,  Nutritive,  Provocative,  Consecutive,  Active,  Attractive, 
Attractiveness,  Subjective,  Objective,  Communicative,  Creative,  Ex- 
ecutive, Derogative,  Prerogative,  Purgative,  Palliative,  Talkative,  Su- 
perlative, Legislative,  Speculative,  Affirmative,  Cumulative,  Sanative, 
Imaginative,  Comparative,  Lucrative,  Deliberative,  Generative,  Cor- 
roborative, Remunerative,  Imperative,  Restorative,  Narrative,  Curative, 
Figurative,  Argumentative,  Putative,  Inactive,  Alterative. 

Une  may  be  represented  by  the  stroke  Y,  with  the  N 
hook  in  the  third  position. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  3.) 

Union  or  Commune,  Unity  or  Unite,  Uniform,  Fortunate,  Triune, 
Communicate,  Communication,  Misfortune,  United  States,  United 
States  of  America. 

Uate  and  Uation  may  be  represented  respectively  by 
a  half-length  stroke  Y  (yt),  and  a  full-length  stroke  Y, 
with  the  SHUN  hook  attached  (yshun). 

• 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  3.) 

Extenuate,  Infatuate,  Insinuate,  Evacuate,  Situate,  Graduate,  Fluc- 
tuate, Perpetuate,  Extenuation,  Infatuation,  Insinuation,  Evacuation, 
Situation,  Graduation,  Fluctuation,  Perpetuation,  Continuation,  Valu- 
ation, Inextenuation. 

Sure  and  similar  syllables,  when  pronounced  zhe,  may 
be  represented  by  the  stroke  ZH. 

6  61 


SYLLABIC  WORD  SIGNS-Plate  3. 


^V     / 

N>  .../....^.. 


..O). 


u 


V, 

•"*-= 


V 


^-<> 


P      V^J   V_fi_^  .X 

-H *-> 


V>A  Vt 

AS...^...^ ro.. 


1 


11 


«.    cr—  £ 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  3.) 

Treasure,  Rasure,  Composure,  Exposure,  Casual,  Incisure,  Closure, 
Hoosier,  Enclosure,  Disclosure,  Discomposure,  Ambrosia. 

Sion,  Tion,  Cion,  Cian,  and  all  syllables  pronounced 
shun  or  zhun  may  be  represented  by  the  SHUN  hook. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  3.) 

Option,  Compassion,  Passion,  Perfection,  Operation,  Oppression, 
Suspicion,  Completion,  Expression,  Separation,  Suppression,  Objec- 
tion, Station,  Satisfaction,  Constitution,  Construction,  Instruction  or  In 
the  Construction,  Edition,  Condition,  Addition,  Derision,  Duration, 
Consideration,  Inconsideration,  Caution,  Occasion,  Action,  Conclusion, 
Seclusion,  Creation,  Description,  Glorification,  Signification,  Confes- 
sion, Fashion,  Confusion,  Vision,  Revelation,  Revolution,  Oration, 
Mission,  Motion. 

EXAMPLES   OF   SYLLABLES   SION,  TION,   ETC.       (PLATE   4.) 
Information,  Nation  and  Notion,  Sanction,  Exception,  Section,  At- 
traction, Inspection,  Fiction,  Affection,  Faction,  Reduction,  Retraction. 

These  syllables,  when  their  next  preceding  consonant  is 
S,  are  represented  by  the  SSHUN  hook. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  4.) 

Physician,  Opposition,  Position,  Possession,  Jurisdiction,  Justification, 
Acquisition,  Accession,  Accusation,  Secession,  Cessation,  Decision, 
Precision,  Administration,  Proposition,  Supposition. 

The  syllables  pronounced  Shun  and  Zhun,  when  com- 
bined with  the  next  preceding  consonant  N,  are  represented 
by  the  NSHUN  hook,  and  when  S  intervenes  between  the 
consonant  N  and  those  syllables,  the  combination  is  rep- 
resented by  the  NSSHUN  hook. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  4.) 

Tention  or  Contention,  Attention,  Detention,  Retention,  Intention, 
Inattention,  Distention,  Apprehension,  Transition,  Condensation,  In- 
vention, Convention,  Dimension,  Damnation,  Admonition,  Mention, 
Prevention,  Intervention,  Circumvention,  Supervention,  Contravention, 
Suspension,  Generation,  Organization. 

63 


SYLLABIC  WORD  SIGNS-Plate  4. 


:-Q>-V 


••q^p, 


—<?  ..... 


c^0^ 

VI. 

J  l 


A     I 

C7>  .....  ......  <7> 

^~1     I  \ 

4-V&-* 

(j\  <t>       1 

l  u  U 


V 

^ 


*»    \o    O     O    O 
r  /^  ••••"N 

P     ^      Q      P 

1 ^-\-E 


°)_ 


../. 


^s>  .....  i 


^ 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Ter,  Der,  Ther,  There,  and  Their  may  be  repre- 
sented on  straight  letters  by  the  TER  hook,  and  on  curve 
letters  by  making  them  triple  their  usual  length.  There 
and  Their  may  also  be  represented  by  a  black  tick  made 
in  the  direction  of  J.  Its  position  is  above  the  line.  It 
may  be  joined  to  any  outline.  Ter  and  Der  may  be  also 
represented  by  R  or  Ray,  preceded  by  a  half-length  con- 
sonant to  imply  T  or  D. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  4.) 

Cater,  Eater,  Repeater,  Crater  or  Character,  Equator,  Director, 
Scatter,  Bitter,  Better,  Batter,  Writer  or  Rider,  Brighter  or  Broader, 
Brother,  Gather  or  Gaiter  or  Go  there,  Brethren,  Wither,  Weather  or 
Whether,  Render,  Mother,  Father,  Murder,  Further,  Thither,  Where 
there,  Entire  or  Neither  or  In  their,  Any  other  or  Enter,  No  other, 
Wander  or  Winter,  Wonder,  Wonderful,  Heater,  Hater,  Hunter, 
Kinder,  Lighter,  Since  there,  Been  there,  Went  there,  Upon  their, 
With  their,  By  there,  Up  there. 

Sus  may  be  represented  by  the  circle  SEZ.  The  lead- 
ing vowel  in  the  other  part  of  the  word  will  determine  the 
position  the  word  is  to  occupy. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  4.) 

Suspicion,  Suspicious-ly,  Suspend,  Suspender,  Suspension,  Suspense, 
Sustain,  Susceptive,  Susceptible,  Suscitate,  Sustainable,  Sustenance. 

Exas  is  represented  by  the  circle  SEZ  in  the  third 
position. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  4.) 

Exasperate,  Exasperation,  Exasperator. 

Rel  may  be  represented  by  Ray,  with  the  L  hook  at- 
tached. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  4.) 

Relate-ed,  Relator,  Relative,  Relation,  Relinquish,  Barrel,  Relax- 
ation, Relevant-ancy-ance,  Relish,  Relieve,  Relic,  Reliable,  Reliance, 
Relief,  Reluct-ancy-ant-ly,  Real,  Rule. 

As  is  represented  by  the  stroke  S  in  the  third  position. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  4.) 

Ascend-ed-ency,  Ascendent,  Assist-ant-ancy,  Assembly-blage,  Ascer- 
tain, Ascribe. 

6*  65 


LESSONS    IN   PHONOGRAPHY. 


Null  is  represented  by  N,  with  the  L  hook. 
EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  4.) 

Null,  Nullity,  Nullify,  Nullification,  Nullifiers,  Nullified,  Nulteil- 
record,  Nulla-'Bona. 

Self,  when  beginning  a  word,  may  be  represented  by 
stroke  S,  with  S  circle  prefixed.  This  sign  is  unphonetic 
and  arbitrary,  but  will  be  found  useful. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  4.) 

Self,  Self-abasement,  Self-abhorrent,  Self-conceit,  Self-denial,  Self- 
defense,  Self-evident,  Self-existent,  Self-interest,  Selfish,  Selfishness, 
Self-love,  Self-possession,  Self-reproach,  Self-righteousness,  Self-suffi- 
cient, Self-will,  Self-same,  Unselfish,  Unselfishly. 

Self  as  a  final  syllable  may  be  represented  by  the  S 
circle  joined  to  the  preceding  part  of  the  outline.  Where 
a  hook  immediately  precedes,  the  circle  may  be  turned  in- 
side the  hook ;  and  where  there  is  already  an  S  circle 
turned  inside  of  the  hook,  the  stroke  S  may  be  used. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  4.) 

Myself,  Himself,  Thyself,  Ourself,  Yourself,  Herself,  Itself,  Our- 
selves, Yourselves,  Our  own  selves,  Themselves,  Man's  self,  One's  self, 
One's  own  self. 

Ler  is  represented  by  the  stroke  L  with  the  R  hook ; 
or  by  the  stroke  L  made  double  length  when  the  hook 
cannot  be  conveniently  made. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  4.) 

Learn,  Learned,  Learner,  Unlearned,  Color,  Colored,  Cooler,  Roller, 
Intolerable,  Parlor,  Scholar,  Feeler,  Jailer,  Hostler. 

Mai,  Mel,  Mil,  Mol,  Mul  may  be  represented  by  M, 
with  the  L  hook,  and  Nail,  Nell,  Nill,  Noll,  Null  by 
N,  with  the  L  hook. 

EXAMPLES.  .  (PLATE  5.) 

Family,  Enamel,  Melancholy,  Camel,  Promulgate,  Promulgation, 
Promulgated,  Only  or  Null,  Phrenology,  Chronology,  Funnel,  Canal. 

When  the  last  preceding  consonant  of  the  outline  con- 
tains an  R  hook,  nell,  nill,  noil,  etc.,  may  be  represented 
66 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


by  adding  the  N  hook,  and  making  the  consonant  double 
length  to  add  L.  Example  (Plate  5)  :  Journal.  In  short 
words,  noil,  nell,  nill,  etc.,  may  be  represented  also  by 
the  N  hook  made  longer  than  usual  to  imply  the  L.  Exam- 
ple. (Plate  5) :  Daniel. 

Ology,  Ological,  Ologically  may  be  represented  by 
stroke  J,  joined  or  disjoined, *when  not  convenient  to  write 
the  outline.  To  add  ST,  as  in  the  termination  Ologist, 
the  ST  loop  may  be  used. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  5.) 

Geology  or  Geological,  Theology  or  Theological,  Osteology  or  Os- 
teological,  Pathology  or  Pathological,  Mythology  or  Mythological, 
Physiology  or  Physiological,  Astrology  or  Astrological,  Zoology  or 
Zoological. 

Ography,     Ographer,     Ographic,     Ographical, 
©graphically  may  be  represented  by  stroke  G,  with  the 
R  hook,  when  it  can  be  made,  or  by  G  alone. 
EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  5.) 

Geography — ographer,  ographic,  ographical,  ographically. 
Biography — ographer,  ographic,  ographical,  ographically. 
Chirography — ographer,  ographic,  ographical,  ographically. 
Zoography — ographer,  ographic,  ographical,  ographically. 
Autography — ographer,  ographic,  ographical,  ographically. 
Typography — ographer,  ographic,  ographical,  ographically. 

Fore,  Afore,  and  Form  may  be  represented  by  stroke 
F,  or  by  stroke  F  with  the  R  hook  when  it  can  be  conve- 
niently made  ;  also  by  the  F  hook  alone,  in  a  few  words; 
or  by  the  entire  word  outline. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  5.) 

Wherefore,  Before,  Heretofore,  Deform,  Deiform,  Reform,  Uniform, 
Inform,  Formation,  Aforetime,  Aforethought,  Afortiori. 

Ever  may  be  represented  by  the  V  hook  on  the  pre- 
ceding consonant  of  the  outline,  or  by  stroke  V,  or  stroke 
V  with  the  R  hook.  For  Soever  the  circle  S  is  prefixed 
to  the  stroke  V. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE- 5.) 

Ever,  Never,  Whatever,  Wherever,  Whoever,  Whichever,  It  ever, 

67 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


However,  Whosoever,  Whatsoever,  Wheresoever,  Whichsoever,  How- 
soever. 

Ship  may  be  represented  by  the  stroke  SH,  joined  or 
disjoined. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  5.) 

Lordship,  Friendship,  Hardship,  Stewardship,  Flagship,  Kingship. 
Ty  and  Ity  may  be  represented  by  making  the  last  pre- 
ceding consonant  of  the  outline  half-length. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  5.) 

Formality,  Popularity,  Prosperity,  Penalty,  Regularity,  Peculiarity, 
Barbarity,  Probability,  Loyalty. 

Ir  and  Re,  when  joined  (irre)  to  give  a  negative  mean- 
ing to  words,  may  be  represented  by  Ray  with  the  R  hook. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  5.) 

Irreconcilable,  Irreconcilableness,  Irrecoverable,  Irregular,  Irreg- 
ularity, Irrefutable,  Irreligion,  Irreligious,  Irreparable,  Irreproachable, 
Irresistible,  Irresolute,  Irrespective,  Irresponsible,  Irretrieve,  Irrev- 
erent, Irrevocable,  Irrigate,  Irritable,  Irritation,  Irruption. 

Inter  and  Intro  may  be  represented  by  a  half-length 
N  stroke,  joined  or  disjoined  to  the  succeeding  part  of  the 
word.  They  may  also  be  represented  by  the  IN  hook, 
when  followed  by  a  consonant  with  an  initial  hook. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  5.) 

Interchange,  Introduce,  Introduction,  Intercourse,  Interdict,  Interest, 
Intersect,  Interweave. 

Mental  and  Mentality  may  be  represented  by  a  half- 
length  M,  with  N  hook,  joined  to  the  preceding  part  of 
the  outline.  The  half-circle  L  hook  may  be  added  for  al, 
if  desired.  Where  Ment  follows  an  N  hook  in  the  out- 
line and  cannot  be  conveniently  joined,  it  may  either  be 
disjoined  or  the  tick  for  Ment  used  in  its  stead. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  5.) 

Instrumental  or  Instrumentality,  Ornamental,  Regimental,  Rudi- 
mental,  Sacramental,  Sentimental. 

Amb,  Emb,  Umb,  and  Amp,  Emp,  Imp,  Ump, 
68 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Omp,  etc.,  may  be  represented  by  the  compound  letter 

EM-P. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  5.) 

Ambition,  Ambitious,  Imbecile,  Embellish,  Perambulate,  Impare  or 
Impair,  Ample,  Amplify,  Amplitude,  Amply,  Imperative,  Impartial. 

Er  may  be  represented  by  R  or  Ray,  or  may  be  added 
to  a  consonant  that  has  no  initial  R  hook,  by  making  it 
double  its  usual  length. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  5.) 

Chamber,  September,  Lumber,  Cumber,  Amber,  Slumber,  Timber. 
In,  Un,  En,  when  coming  before  S  in  an  outline,  are 
represented  by  the  initial  INS  hook.  When  preceding  S 
and  R  in  an  outline,  they  are  represented  by  the  initial 
INSR  hook ;  or  when  followed  by  a  letter  represented  by  a 
hook,  by  the  IN  hook. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  5.) 

Instruct,  Instructor,  Instruction,  Unscrew,  Unstrung,  Inscription, 
Unstrained,  Entrails,  Unhurt,  Untold,  Unsettled,  Involved,  Interpret, 
Interpretation,  Unfeeling,  Unwell,  Insure. 

Magni,  Magne,  Magna,  Magnan  are  represented  by 
the  letter  M  immediately  at  the  beginning  of  the  other 
part  of  the  word. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  5.) 

Magna  Charta,  Magnitude,  Magnify,  Magnanimous,  Magnesia,  Mag- 
netic. 

Antial  and  Ential  may  be  represented  by  the  N  hook 
on  the  preceding  consonant,  or  in  short  forms  by  N  hook 
and  stroke  SH. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  5.) 

Substantial,  Unsubstantial,  Supersubstantial,  Circumstantial,  Cre- 
dential, Prudential,  Sciential,  Essential,  Pestilential. 

Val,  Vill,  Voll,  Vull  may  be  represented  by  stroke  V 
with  the  L  hook. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  5.) 

Valve,  Involve,  Vulnerable,  Village,  Vulgar,  Vulture,  Value,  Val- 
uable, Invaluable. 

Cal,  Cul,  Kill  or  Kell  are  represented  by  stroke  K  with 
the  L  hook. 

69 


SYLLABIC  WORD  SIGNS-Plate  5. 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  5.) 

Calico,  Calamity,  Calcine,  Calculate,  Calculation,  Calender,  Culture, 
Culminate,  Culmination,  Culprit,  Kill  or  Kiln,  Killed,  Kildee,  Killer, 
Kiln-dry,  Kilogramme. 

Car,  Cor,  Cur,  Chr  may  be  represented  by  K,  with  the 
R  hook. 

EXAMPLES.     (PLATE  5.) 

Carpet,  Carbon,  Connect,  Corner,  Currency,  Chronic,  Chromatic, 
Correspond,  Correspondent,  Correction,  Corporation. 

Brief  Signs  for  Words  or  Word  Signs. 

There  are  two  classes  of  word  signs : 

I.  Small  characters  agreed  upon  to  represent  arbitrarily 
a  few  common  and  often-recurring  words. 

II.  Word  signs  proper,  which  consist  of  such  parts  of 
the  consonant  outline  as  will  most  readily  suggest  the  word 
which  the  full  outline  represents. 

Word  signs  are  written  in  one  of  the  three  positions 
prescribed  for  the  consonant  outlines,  each  word  sign  being 
written  in  the  same  position  the  full  outline  would  occupy. 
The  vowels  and  diphthongs  are  implied  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  for  the  full  outlines.  See  chapter  "  On  dispensing 
with  the  signs  for  vowels  and  diphthongs." 

The  "circle  S"  may  be  added  to  the  sign  of  any  word 
to  express  its  plural  number  or  possessive  case. 

The  student  should  memorize  each  word  sign,  and  write 
it  and  rewrite  it,  until  it  can  be  accurately  written  without 
a  moment's  hesitation. 

Additional  word  signs  may  be  formed  as  needed,  under 
the  second  section  of  this  chapter.  Those  given  in  the 
following  pages  will  be  found  adequate  for  general  pur- 
poses. Sometimes,  however,  it  is  necessary  to  make  a  re- 
port upon  a  particular  subject  which  abounds  in  new  or 
difficult  words,  and  then  it  will  be  found  advantageous  to 
form  contracted  signs  for  their  representation. 


Signs  for  Common  Words. 

Is  or  His,  As  O 
or  Has  O  .. 

Passage,  Pos-  >.       \ 
sible  \o    ~ 

December,        i          C 
Ark  d^    f 

Possess,     Pa-   r\^ 
tient  /O  ..)o  ... 

Disadvantage     L 

I    But   1 

Propose,            „      01 
Proposition    \j  '  )o  
Prepare,           <\     ,        *\ 
Proper  «v  \" 
Probable,  Pro-  \   ^—     . 
tect  «  \  ""  '.  "" 

Now,  New  ^.  V__A/ 

He    On  / 

Special       Es- 
pecial  \      \ 
Speech,              9  <T> 
Speaker  ...     .      i—  —  ___ 
Superintend       o. 
-ed-ent-cy      •  "  -^-  
Perpetual,         <\   --  \ 
Product  V  ""J  
Preponderate.          \ 

All,    Too    or  \ 
Two       N  -. 

Or,  Oh  1  
Who.Thereor  .       / 
Their  '  — 

Particular,        \  — 
Obtain  V    \    J 
Above,  Being.     \  ^^  
Beyond,  Chil-  n  >   /> 

The,  A  or  An    

How,  Ah  

Child,    Child-/"  ../*   „ 
hood  ..                    ^ 

Practicable        .     if" 
-hlv                    \ 

Whom,  About    ^_ 
Do,  Should....   1       J  

Applicable,          \ 
Platform  >   ,^  
Favor,      Wis-  jS/"^^. 

<y 

Mind,  Mend  s~$ 

With,  Were...  °      c 

Opportunity,     -      c.  — 
Quite                *  

History,      In-  ^J    v 

We,  Would....  '  a  
In  or  Any,  It.. 

Toward,    Un-  n 
der  '  N-'  

toxicate  ^o   v^ 
Anticipate,         7^  Vr—  
Inhabit  6\  c_x-~N 
Civil,      Crim-    f.  -.<-__— 
inal  d~> 

Without,                       * 

Be,  To  be  \      \ 

Word,        Ac-         r^_c-x^» 

\ 

You,  Was  n     J 

cordance..._   %        ^->^ 
Always,  Also.   .No~_.A.._ 
America,                         -^ 
Moderate....  tr~N  
Article,      Be-   ,         \<, 

Sympathetic...       vii  -^r 
Mortal,      Im-  <^s^-<~^  ^ 

If  For  )      ) 

Mortality,  So-    7^  
ciety  9       I     | 
Subject,  Dust.  Y..  D.J  
Circum-                 « 

This,  Have...  t>      / 

Which,  They.  /     ( 
Are,    Our    or 
Hour.  /     s 

tween  
Beautiful,          V\.  .—>/... 

Country  'f~^f  *-*-' 
Certainly,  In-     °r{  — 
tend  —  <         v-v 

Circumstance  P  

Of  Will          .  ~      /"" 

No,  At  or  Out  v_x       i 
What,  My  or  v     ^  1  " 
Me  V 

Indebted,    In-     'rj  
dividual  f^'    ., 
Return,  Until    f   ' 
Nothing,   On-  ^^        ~^- 

Gentleman  i/  

Signify,  Swear  <1~'   P__ 
Swore,        Re-  „   —"V^ 
member  V^_/-~  ^     — 
Member,           iv               ./ 

Upon,  Been...    o      J 

Length,  Social  """^     •      
Statement,              P    <S~*S~ 
Simple              •  ''  

Not,  Nature...    v_x  

Had,  One  1       Vo 
See    or    Saw,   1  "v      ^. 
Say  or  So  ?  >  ... 
Paid,        Pay-   \        \ 

Property,          ex.     l\ 
Proportion..     \}  \J  
Unless,  Some-  ^-        ^-& 

Honest,  Next.  ^^   ^^ 
Proceed,  Pur-  .     ^    p  ~~ 
sued  VY'f  
Pertain,     Ap-     j-'  ' 

North,  South.      ../!~T  ..  .(*.. 

Paper,  People  \J     \.... 
Public,     Pub-  v\   \ 
lication  \    .  .\  . 
Petition,     Pe->A\     V) 

East,  West....  ~\    i        V 
Northern,                  V)  
Southern.  ....  ^^f.     ^ 
Eastern,                        \.  "" 
Western....™     \    !^L 
Sunday,  Mon-        \ 
day..  ft-4°.,/r>.H 

Prosecute,        (\     J      £ 
Persecute....  ^~.,'\/~"  — 
Oppressor,          if\     /v  /-. 
Pursuer  v      .\/V^ 
Birth,  Breath.  V\  .  ..'\... 
Guide,    Grad-    —  -t 
ual  1  c~\ 

Purpose,    Pe-  V\,\/| 

riod  
Party,  Part...   \ 
President,          rA   <\^ 
Present  p  Ao_/  . 
J<\       »\ 
Print,  Printer         •  r 

Tuesday,            1    1  l 
Wednesday    P      N>     •- 
Thursday,          1(1     H 
Friday  n  1  1     ' 

Ruined,     Re-               s^^1 

Invasion,     In-     '     Qi      -^j 
novation  '          _rv    '"* 
Labored,            ^      f    N 

Saturday,               '     /   ' 

Principle-al,     r\ 
That  \~.  
Tell    or    Till,  P    r  < 
Told  '     '  

January  1  ^  L^, 
Febmary,               )     c~~> 
March  \      / 

Elaborate...        i      i 
Diseased,  De-  _  A  ...  L^.  

April,  May....   A.    ..-<T>». 
June,  July  .       . 
August,    Sep-  J  »~js^ 
tember  ^^   ° 
October,    No--^^^ 
vember  *    ^~^ 

When,  Went..  ._.      V?-^... 
What,      Him,        VA      , 
Where  —     ->~-\r 

Duty,  Did  1        ' 
Oppose,     Op-  f  \_  \ 
posite  ...  ;  _.f     . 

Up,       Under-    \    ^n 

Owing,  Owes._i      b' 

stood  l 

72 

WORD  SIQNS-Plate  6. 


\~v\ 


J 

/ 


.... 

C 


•Qr 


i 'IT 


L 


r 


73 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


List  of  General  Word  Signs. 

The  word  signs  of  the  list  of  words  following  will  be 
found  on  the  engraved  plates,  as  referred  to  in  the  text. 
The  figures  before  the  words  show  the  position  of  the  word 
sign  to  represent  the  word  before  which  it  is  placed.  Thus, 
P  in  the  first  position  represents  the  word  weep ;  in  the 
second  position,  the  word  up ;  and  in  the  third  position 
either  of  the  three  words  (hope),  happy,  or  party,  the 
context  determining  which  word  it  is  intended  to  rep- 
resent. The  first  position  is  indicated  with  the  figure  i ; 
the  second  with  the  figure  2  ;  the  third  with  the  figure  3. 
As  already  hinted,  when  the  figure  stands  before  more 
than  one  word,  it  represents  either  of  the  words  following, 
the  sense  of  what  is  written  being  sufficient  to  determine 
which  one  of  the  words  it  was  intended  to  represent  by 
the  sign. 

When  one  of  the  words  is  in  parenthesis,  it  shows  that 
it  may  be  represented  by  that  sign,  if  preferred,  or  written 
in  full,  or  further  contracted. 

Where  a  word  is  followed  by  a  hyphen  and  its  termina- 
tions ;  as,  glory-fy-ied,  the  word  sign  represents  the  word 
and  the  word  with  each  of  its  terminations,  the  context 
determining  which  it  represents.  The  sign  of  any  word 
may  represent  the  word  and  also  any  of  its  terminations, 
though  sometimes  the  sign  of  the  terminations  is  expressed, 
for  greater  perspicuity. 

Whole-Length  Strokes  as  Word  Signs.    (Plate  6.) 

p_If  Weep;  2,  Up;  3,  (Hope),  Happy,  Party.  B— i,  By;  2,  Be, 
Object;  3.  To  be.  T— I,  Time;  2,  It;  3,  At,  Out.  D—  I,  Dollar; 

2,  Day,  Do;  3,  Had,  Due,  Advertisement.     CH — I,  Each;  2,  Which; 

3,  Much.     J— I,  Joy;  2,  Advantage;  3,  Large,  Jew.     K—  I,  King- 
dom, Common;  2,  Come,  Company;  3,  Can.     G — I,  Give-n  ;  2,  Go, 
Ago;   3,  Together.     F— I,  If,  Off;    2,  For;  3,  Few.     V— I,  Ever; 
2,  Have;  3,  However,  View.     TH — I,  Thigh;  2,  Think;  3,  Thank, 
Thousand-th.     TH— i,  The,  Thy ;  2,  They,  Them ;  3,  Thou,  Though. 

74 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


S— I,  See,  Saw;  2,  So,  Sty;  3,  Us.  Y—  I,  Ye,  Year;  2,  Your;  3,  You. 
(Ye,  Year,  and  Years  may  also  be  represented  by  little  Y  above  the 
line,  and  You  by  little  Y  on  the  line.)  L — I,  Low,  111 ;  2,  Will ;  3,  Al- 
low. R — 2,  Are;  3,  Our,  Hour.  R  f — i,  Ear;  2,  Remember;  3, 
Air.  SH— I,  Wish,  She;  2,  Shall;  3,  Should.  Z— I,  Eyes,  Ease, 
Israel,  Easy;  2,  Was;  3,  Ooze.  M — I,  Me,  My;  2,  May,  Am,  Mil- 
lion; 3  (Home).  N — I,  In,  Any;  2,  Know,  No;  3,  When.  NG — I, 
Thing,  England,  English;  2,  Language,  Young;  3,  Long.  H — I, 

2,  What;  Him;  3,  Where.     W — I,  Why;  2,  Weigh,  Way  ;  3,  Away. 
ZH — I,  Pleasure;  2,  Usual;   3,  Measure. 

Half-Length  Strokes  as  Word  Signs.    (Plate  6.) 

Pt-d— r,  Pit;  2,  Pet,  Pate;  3,  Put,  Pat  or  Pad.  Bt-d— I,  Bid, 
Bought;  2,  Bed,  Bet;  3,  Bad,  Bat.  Tt-d — I,  Ought  it;  2,  It  ought; 

3,  At  it,  It  had.      Dt-d— I,  Did;  2,  Dead;  3,  Had  had.     CHt-d — I, 
Which  ought;  2,  Which  it;  3,  Which  had,  Which  would.     Kt-d — I, 
Kite ;  2,  Could ;  3,  Act.     Gt-d— I,  God;  2,  Get;  3,  Good.     Ft-d— i, 
Feature,  If  it;  2,  After,  For  it;  3,  Future.     Vt-d — I,  Void;  2,  Have 
it,  Vote,  Evidence;  3,  Have  had,  Viewed.     THt-d — I,  Thought;  2, 
Think  it.     THt-d— I,  They  ought;  2,  They  would  ;  3,  That.     St-d— 

1,  Astonish-ed-ment ;  2,  Establishment.     Yt-d — I,  You  did;  2,  You 
do;    3,  You   had.     Rt-d — I,   Read;    2,   Art;    3,    Rood.     SHt-d— I, 
Wished,  Wish  it,  She  ought;  2,  Shall  it;  3,  Should  it..    Zt-d— I,  Is  it; 

2,  As  it;  3,  Was  it.     Mt-d — I,  Might,  Immediately,  Meeting;  2,  Made; 

3,  Mad,  Mood.      Nt-d — I,  Not,  Night,  In  it;  2,  Note,  Nature;  3, 
When  it.     Ht-d— I,  Hit,  When  it;    2,  Head,   Hoed;   3,  Where  it, 
Hot.     Wt-d— I,  Wide;  2,  Weighed,  Wait;  3,  Without.      ZHt-d— 3, 
Measured. 

Word  Signs  containing  the  L  Hook.    (Plate  6.) 

PI — I,  Comply,  Plea;  2,  People,  Play;  3,  Apply,  Plough.  Bl — I, 
Belong-ed;  2,  Able;  3,  Blew,  Blue.  Tl— I,  Tall;  2,  Tell,  Till,  It 
will;  3,  At  all.  Dl— I,  Idle,  Idol;  2,  Delivery-ed,  Dull,  Do  all;  3, 
Had  all.  CHI— I,  Each  will;  2,  Which  will,  Children;  3,  Much 
will.  Jl— 2,  Angel.  Kl— I,  Call;  2,  Difficulty;  3,  Clew.  Gl— I, 
Glee;  2,  Glory-fy-ied ;  3,  Glue.  Fl— I,  Follow-ing,  Awful,  Fall,  Fill; 
2,  Full-y;  3,  Flew.  VI— I,  Evil;  2,  Oval;  3,  Value.  TH1— I,  Thy 
will;  2,  They  will.  SHI— I,  Shawl,  She  will;  2,  Shoal,  Shell;  3, 
Should  all.  Zl— i,  Zeal ;  2,  Was  all.  Rl— 2,  Early.  Ray-1— I,  Real, 
Rely;  2,  Rail,  Roll;  3,  Rule.  M-l— I,  Miles,  Maul,  Mill,  Meal;  2, 
Male,  Family ;  3,  Mule.  Nl— I,  Kneel,  In  all ;  2,  Knell,  Knoll.  Ngl— 

75 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


.3,  Angle,  Long  will.      HI— I,  Hill,  Heal,  "Haul;    2,  Whole,  Hale, 
Hell,  Hail ;  3,  Where  will.     Wl— I,  While ;  2,  Wail,  Well ;  3,  Wool. 

Word  Signs  containing  the  £  Hook.    (Plate  6.) 

Pr — I,  Appear;  2,  Principal-le-ly,  Pray;  3,  Practice,  Practical-ly, 
Br — r,  By  our;  2,  Bray,  Member,  Be  our;  3,  Number,  To  be  our. 
Tr — I,  Try,  Tree;  2,  Truth;  3,  True,  At  our.  Dr — I,  Doctor;  2, 
Dear,  Do  our;  3,  During,  Had  our.  CHr — I,  Cheer;  2,  Which  are; 
3,  Which  were.  Jr — 2,  Danger;  3,  Larger,  Jury.  Kr — I,  Christian; 

2,  Care,  Core,  Occur;  3,  Cure,  Can,  Our.     Gr — i,  Degree,  Agree;  2, 
Grow;  3,  Grew.     Fr — i,  Fear,  Free,  Offer,  If  our;  2,  Four,  For  our; 

3,  Fair,  Far.     Vr — i,  Over;  2,  Every,  Very;  3,  View  our.     Thr — I, 
Author,  Ether ;  2,  Think  our,  Three ;  3,  Through.     THr — I,  Either; 
2,  Other.     Yr — I,  Ye  were;  2,  Ye  are;  (3,  You  were.) — You  were  is 
also  represented  by  another  sign.     See  "  Lesson  on  Phrasing."     Shr — 

1,  Wisher,   issue;    2,  Shore,    Shall    our;    3,  Sure-ly,  Assure,    Share, 
Should  our.     Zr — I,  Easier;  2,  Was  our;    3,  Zar.     Lr— i,  Liar;  2, 
Lower,  Lore;  3,  Lure,  Allure.     Ray-r — I,  Rear;  2,  Roar;  3,  Rare. 
Mr — i,  Mister,   Mire,    Mere;    2,  More,    May  our;    3,  Mar.'    Nr — I, 
Near,  Ne'er,  Honor,  In  our;  2,  Nor;  3,  When  our.    NGr — i,  Linger; 

2,  Hunger;    3,  Longer,  Anger-y.     Hr — I,  Higher,  Hire,   Here;    2, 
Her,    Hoar;    3,  Hair.     Wr — I,  Wire,  Why  are;    2,  Wore;    3,  War, 
Wear.     (NOTE. — Why  are  may  be  represented  by  W  and  R,  or  by  W 
and  Ray.)     Zhr — 2,  Ozier;  3,  Azure. 

Word  Signs  with  the  EL  and  KL  Hooks.    (Plate  6.) 

El-p — I,  Lip;  2,  Lope;  3,  Lap.  El-b — I,  Liberty;  2,  Labor. 
Elch— 3,  Latch.  El-g— 2,  Ledger.  Elk— I,  Like;  2,  Lake,  Elect; 

3,  Look.     Elk  and  Elkt — 3,  Look  like  it.     Elg — I,  Log;  2,  Leg;  3, 
Lag.     Klk— I,  Clock;  2,  Cloak;  3,  Clack.     Klg— I,  Clog. 

Word  Signs  with  the  RK  Hook.    (Plate  6.) 

Prk— 3,  Park.  Brk— 2,  Burke ;  3,  Bark.  Trk— 2,  Turk.  Drk— 2, 
Dirk;  3,  Dark.  Jrk — 2,  Jerk.  Krk — I,  Cork;  (2,  Kirkwood ;  3, 
Carcass).  Grkns — 2,  Gherkins.  Frk — I,  Fork;  (2,  Firkin).  Yrk — I, 
York;  2,  Yirk.  Shrk — 3,  Shark.  Lrk — 2,  Lurk;  3,  Lark.  Rrk — 3, 
Ark.  Hrk— 3,  Hark  ;  (3,  Hearken.) 

Word  Signs  with  the  RK  Hook.    (Plate  7.) 

Wrk — 2,  Work ;  2,  Work-house ;  2,  Workman ;  2,  Workmanship. 
76 


WORD  SIGNS-Plate  7. 


......  Lc  ....... 

r  ......  n  .....  P. 


S 


No 


LL     L      , 

......  L-L-  ............  .....  t 


L 


G 


..7N, 


X    \^ 

I L/r £> 

¥>     i5 

l 1 \JL 


.^., 


.....  La 


t: 


a, 


*=f- 


\ 

A 


77 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Word  Signs  with  the  W  Hook.    (Plate  7.) 

Pnw — 2,  Upon  what.  Bw — I,  By  what.  Tws — i,  Twice;  2,  It  was. 
Tw — 3,  At  what.  Twt — 3,  At  what  time.  Dw — i,  Did  we;  2,  Do 
we ;  3,  Had  we.  DWS — 2,  Dwelling  house.  Chw — 2,  Which  we. 
Kw — i,  Equally;  3,  Can  we.  Kwn — 2,  Question.  Gw — I,  Give 
what ;  3,  Together  with.  Ray-w — 2,  Are  we. 

Word  Signs  with  the  Y  Hook.    (Plate  7.) 

Pny — 2,  Upon  your.  By — I,  By  your;  2,  Be  your;  3,  To  be  your. 
Ty — 3,  At  your.  Dy — I,  Did  you;  2,  Do  you;  3,  Had  you.  Chy — 
I,  Each  your;  2,  Which  your.  Ky — 3,  Can  you.  Gyw — 2,  Go  your 
way.  Ray-y — 2,  Are  you. 

Word  Signs  with  the  INS  Hook.    (Plate  7.) 

Insp-bl — 2,  In-separable.  Insbstns — 2,  In-substance.  Inst-d — 2,  In- 
^stead;  2,  Interest.  Insd — 2,  In  his  day.  Insch — 2,  In  such;  3,  In 
as  much.  Insv — 3,  In  his  view.  Insth — 3,  In  the  South.  Insthn — 2, 
In  the  Southern.  Unss — 2,  Unselfish.  Inslvnt — I,  Insolvent.  Unsrtn 
— 2,  Uncertain.  Insyd — I,  In  his  yard.  Insyer — 3,  Insure.  Insray — 
3,  In  his  hour.  Unsml — i,  Unseemly.  Insht — 2,  In  his  head;  3,  In 
his  hat.  Insw — 2,  In  his  way.  Inszhe — 2,  In  his  usual. 

Word  Signs  with  the  INSR  Hook.    (Plate  7.) 

Insprt — I,  In  the  spirit.  Insprt — 2,  In  support.  Insprshun — 2,  In 
suppression.  Insbrdnshun — I,  In  subordination.  Instr — 2,  Instruct. 
Instrshun — 2,  Instruction.  Instrtor — 2,  Instructor.  Instrment — 2,  In- 
strument. Insferb — 2,  Insufferable.  Inskr — I,  Inscribe.  Inskrs,hun — 

1,  Inscription.     Insgrt — 2,  In  his  great.     Insgrnd — 2,  In  his  ground. 

0 

Word  Signs  with  the  N  Hook.    (Plate  7.) 

Pn — I,  Opinion,  Pine;  2,  Upon,  Pen,  Open;  3,  Happen,  Punish- 
ment. Bn — i,  Combine;  2,  Been,  Bone;  3,  Boon.  Tn — i,Tin;  2, 
Contain,  Tone,  Ten,  Attain;  3,  Town,  Atone,  Tune.  Dn — I,  Denom- 
ination, Dine ;  2,  Done  ;  3,  Down,  Had  not.  Chn — I,  Each  one,  Chin ; 

2,  Which  one,  Chain ;  3,  Much  in.    In — I,  Religion,  Join,  John ;  2,  Jane, 
Generally;  3,  Imagine-ary-ation,  June,  Junior.     Kn — I,  Coin,  Kin  ;  2, 
Cone,  Cane ;  3,  Coon.    Gn — I,  Begin-ning ;  2,  Again ;  3,  Gan.    Fn — I, 
Fine;  2,  Phonography,  Fun.    Vn — I,  Even;  2,  Have  been.    Thn — I, 
Thin.     Thn — I,  Thine,  Within ;  2,  Then ;  3,  Than.     Sn — 2,  Essential. 
Yn — 2,  Your  name,  Your  own  ;  3,  Union,  Communion.    Shn — I,  Shine, 
Sheen ;  2,  Shown,  Ocean.    Zn — 2,  Zone,  Was  not.    Ln — I,  Line,  Lean; 
2,  Alone,  Lane.    Rn — 2,  Earn ;  3,  Around.    Ray-n — 2,  Are  not,  Rain, 

78 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Ran;  3,  Our  own.  Mn — I,  Mine,  My  own,  Mean,  Men;  2,  Man, 
Moan,  May  not;  3,  Human,  Moon.  Nn — I,  Nine;  2,  None;  3,  Noun, 
Noon,  When  not.  Ngn — 3,  Long  have  you  been,  Long  have  you 
known.  Hn — i,  What  in;  2,  Hen;  3,  Where  in.  Wn — I,  Wine, 
Win ;  2,  One,  Won,  Wane. 

Word  Signs  with  the  NGK  Hook.    (Plate  7.) 

Pngk — I,  Pink.  Spngk — 3,  Spank.  Bngk — 2,  Bunk  ;  3,  Bank-er-ed. 
Tngk — 3, Tank.  Dngki — 2,  Donkey.  Drngk — I,  Drink;  2,  Drunk; 
3,  Drank.  Chngk — I,  Chink;  2,  Chunk.  Jngk — 2,  Junk.  Kngk — 
I,  Kink,  (Kinky-headed).  Gngk. — 3,  Gank.  Fngk — 2,  Funk.  Frngk — 
3,  Frank.  Sngk — I,  Sink;  2,  Sunk;  3,  Sank.  Yngk — 3,  Yankee. 
Lngk — I,  Link;  2,  Lank.  Ray-ngk — I,  Rink;  3,  Rank.  Srngk — 
I,  Shrink.  Shngk — 3,  Shank.  Mngk — I,  Mink;  2,  Munk.  Nngl^ 
Prtngk — 2,  Nunc-pro-tunc.  Hngk — 3,  Hank.  Hngker — 3,  Hanker. 
Wngk— i,  Wink.  ( 

Word  Signs  with  the  F  and  V  Hooks.    (Plate  7.) 

Pf-v — 2,  Poverty,  Pave;  (3,  Hope  to  have).  Bf-v — 2,  Before.  Tf-v 
— I,  Ought  to  have;  2,  It  ever;  3,  It  would  have.  Df-v — I,  Divine, 
Did  have ;  2,  Do  have,  Differ-ent-ence ;  3,  Advance-ment.  Chf-v — 
I,  Each  have;  2,  Which  have,  Which  ever;  3,  Which  would  have. 
Jf-v — i,  Jehovah;  2,  Jove;  3,  Juvenile.  Kf-v — I,  Cough;  2,  Cave; 
3,  Can  have.  Klf-v — 2,  Call  forth.  Gf-v — 2,  Govern-ment,  Govern. 
Ff-v— i,  Five.  Thf-v—  I,  Thief;  2,  Think  of.  Thf-v— 2,  They  have. 
Yf-'v — 3,  You  have.  Lf-v — i,  Leaf,  Leave,  Life,  Live;  2,  Love, 
Loaf.  Rayf-v — 2,  Rove,  Rave.  Rayf-v-er — i,  River.  Mf-v — 3,  Move. 
Mrf-v-1 — 3,  Marvel.  Nf-v — I,  Knife;  2,  Enough.  Hf-v — i,  What 
ever;  3,  Wherever.  Wf-v — I,  Wife,  Weave;  2,  Wave;  3,  Woof.  . 

Word  Signs  with  the  EM-P  Stroke.    (Plate  7.) 

Mp-l — 3,  Ample.  Mp-r — 3,  Impair.  Mp-n-1 — 3,  Impanel.  Nsmpl 
— 3,  Ensample.  Mp — I,  Importance;  3 — Improvement.  Mps — I, 
Impossible. 

Intersected  Word  Signs.    (Plate  7.) 

NOTE. — Official  titles,  names  of  companies,  and  other  words  or 
phrases  that  do  not  admit  of  easily  written  forms,  and  which  may  be 
recalled  by  certain  portions  of  their  forms  intersected,  may  be  so  rep- 
resented. 

2,  Capital  punishment.  2,  Notwithstanding.  2,  Nevertheless.  2, 
Aurora  borealis.  2,  Temperance  society.  2,  Phonetic  society.  2,  Co- 
defendant.  i.Nisiprius.  2,  Quo  warranto.  2,  Colonel  Johnson.  2, 
Capt.  Dickson. 

79 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Where  not  convenient  to  intersect,  the  title  may  be  written  near  to 
the  name  and  above  it ;  as,  3,  Capt.  Carson. 

Word  Signs  without  Hooks.    (Plates  7  and  8.) 

2,  Acknowledge.    2,  Acknowledged.    2,  Afterwards.     I,  Anything; 

2,  Among.     2,  Bake.     2,  Superior.     (Continued  to  Plate  8) :   I,  Pick, 
Peak,  Pike;  2,  Polk,  Poke,  Peck,  Peculiar;  3,  Pack.     I,  Beek,  Beak, 
Balk;  2,  Beck,  Bake,  Buck;  3,  Back.     I,  Tick,  Talk;    2,  Take;  3, 
Tack,  Took.     (NOTE. — Take  and  Took  may  be  represented  by  T  in 
second  and  third  position  respectively,  if  the  reporter  prefer.)     I,  Dick, 
Dyke,  Dock;  2,  Deck,  Duck.     2,  Check.     2,  Jake,  Joke.     I,  Kick. 
,1,  Calk;  3,  Cook.     I,  Cog;  2,  Keg.     I,  Fig,  Fog;  3,  Fag.     i,  Con- 
vict.    3,  Duty.     2,  Yoke.     (NOTE. — Little   Y  may  be   used    where 
convenient,  instead  of  stroke  Y.     At  the  end  of  letters  it  should  be 
very  small,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  TIVE  hook,  which  is  larger  and 
deeper.)     2,  Yoke.    2,  You  may.    2,  You  know.    2,  Will  you.    2,  You 
will.     I,  See  you,  Saw  you  ;  2,  Say  you.     2,  You  are.     I,  If  you  ;  2, 
Have  you.     2,  Shake,  Shuck.     3,  Zach.     2,  Rake.      I,  Mike,  Meek, 
Mock.     2,  Make,  Muck.     I,  Nick,  Knock;  2,  Neck;  3,  Nook,  Nack. 

3,  Nag.      I,  Ink.     I,   Hog.     2,  Hack.     I,  Week,  Walk;  2,  Wake, 
Woke.     (NOTE. — Small  W  may  be  used  instead  of  the  stroke  W  when 
it  is  convenient  to  do  so.)     I,  Wipe.     2,  Web.     i,  Wit;  2,  Wet.     I, 
Weed,  Wide  or  Wad;  2,  Wade;  3,  Wood.     (NOTE.— WD  and  WT 
may  also  be  represented  by  a  half-length  stroke  W.)     I,  Week,  Weak ; 
2,  Wake,  Woke ;  3,  Wag.     (NOTE. — On  K  and  G  the  small  W  should 
be  made  very  shallow,  to  prevent  a  conflict  with  the  EL  hook.)     I, 
Watch,  Witch.     I,  Pig;  2,  Peg.     I,  Big,  Bog;  2,  Bug;  3,  Bag.     2, 
Ketch ;  3,  Catch.     3,  Cob.     3,  Cash,     i,  Heated.    2,  Came  (Come). 

1,  King.     3,  Gap.     3,  Gash.     2,  Game.     I,  Fib,  Fob.     2,  Fetch.     2, 
Fudge.     2,  Faith.     I,  Peal,  Appeal,  Pill,  Pillow,  Pall,  Pile.     2,  Pale, 
Pail,  Pole  or  Opal.     3,  Pull,  Fully,  Pool  or  Happily.     (NOTE.— Write 
the  word  haply  with  H-PL.)     I,  Ball,  Bawl,  Belie,  Bill,  Bile,  Billow; 

2,  Below,  Bale,  Bail,  Bowl,  Boll,  Bell ;  3,  Bull,  Bully.     I,  Till,  Tall; 
2,  Toil,  Toll,  Tale;  3,  Tool,  Outlaw,  Outlay,  Tallow.      I,  Deal,  Doll, 
Oddly;  2,  Daily,  Dale,  Dull,  Delay;  3,  Duly,  Dooly,  Dual.     I,  Chill, 
Chilly.     I,  Gill;  2,  Jail,  Jelly,  Jole;  3,  Jewel,  July.     I,  Keel,  Chyle; 
2,  Coal,  Coil,  Kale;  3,  Cool,  Cowl.     I,  Guile,  Gall,  Gill;  2,  Gale, 
Gayly,  Goal;  3,  Galla.     I,  Fall,  Feel,  File,  Folly;  2,  Fail,  Fell,  Full, 
Fellow;  3,  Fool,  Foul,  Fuel.     I,  Villa,  Vi6la;  2,  Vale,  Vail;  3,  Val- 
ley,    i,  Mile,  Maul,  Meal,  Mill;  2,  Male,  Mail,   Mellow,  Mole;  3, 
Mule.     I,  Kneel;  2,  Nail,  Annual,  Newly.     (NOTE. — The  last  two 

80 


WORD  SIGNS-Plate  8. 


L 


Ll 


L, 


r 


)_    JL 


V 


JU 


Y 


\ 


\ 


\ 

r\  -, 

.........  >-> 


^ 


/ 


<A 


A 


D* 


fs, 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


words  belong  to  the  third  position,  but  may  be  written  in  second.)  i, 
Lily ;  2,  Lowly ;  3,  Hourly.  I,  Wily,  Willow;  2,  Waylay ;  3,  Woolly. 
I,  Highly,  What  will,  Heel,  Haul,  Hall;  2,  Halo;  3,  Halloo,  Howl. 

1,  Pyre,  Peer;  2,  Payer,  Pore,  Pour;  3,  Pear,  Pare,  Poor.     I,  Opera; 

2,  Pery,  Up  our,  Pay  our;  3,  Pure,  Power,     i,  By  our,  Borrow;  2, 
Berry,  Borough,  Bureau,  Bury;  3,  Bowry,  To  be  our,  Barrow;   I,  Beer 
or  Bier;  2,  Boar,  Bore,  Burr;  3,  Bear,  Bare,  Bower.     I,  Tear,  Tire; 
2,  Tore;  3,  Tare,  Tower,  Outer.     I,  Tyro.     3,  At  our.     I,  Dire,  Dyer; 
2,  Adore,  Door,  Doer;    3,  Dower.     I,  Diary;  2,  Dairy;  3,  Dowry, 
Dare,  Had  our.     2,  Cherry."    3,  Adjure.     2,  Curry,     i,  Gear,  Augur. 
2,  Gory,     i,  Fire  or  Fiery;  2,  Ferry,  Furrow;  3,  Fewer,     i,  Ivory; 
2,  Vary;    3,  Viewer,  Avowry.     2,  Sherry;    3,  Showery.     I,  Miry;  2, 
Morrow,  Mary;  3,  Marry,  Marrow.     I,  Nigher;  2,  Annoyer;  3,  Imire, 
Newer.     2,  Narrow.     2,  Error,  Arrear.     i,  Higher,  Hire;  2,  Hoar. 
2,  Fame,  Foam.     2,  Forever.    2,  Knowledge,  In  large.    2,  Never.    2, 
Refer-ence.     2,  Regular.    2,  Represent.     2,  Being.     I,  Anything.     2, 
Among,     i,  Ring,  Wring,  Wrong;    2,  Rung,  Wrung;  3,  Rang.     3, 
Gang,     i,  Pipe;  3,  Pap.     I,  Bob.     2,  Judge.     2,  Maim.     2,  Many. 
2,  Name.     2,  Mope.     2,  Much.     2,  Mouth.     3,  Nash.     3,  Nab.      I, 
Notch.     I,  Hitch;  3,  Hatch.     2,  Say  so.     2,  Wing.     2,  Church.     2, 
Change.     I,  Erasure.    2,  Public.     i.Pith;  3,  Path.    2,  Both;  3,  Bath, 
2,  Length.    3,  Room.    3,  Argue-ment.     I,  Deny.     2,  Ample.    3,  Jan- 
uary.    2,  Month.     I,  In  any  way.     2,  Death.     2,  Temple. 

Word  Signs  containing  the  Circle,  Double  Circles,  and 
Loops. 

I,  Peace,  Peas,  Possible  ;  2,  Pays,  Oppose,  Pass,  (Hopes.)  I,  Buys, 
By  his;  2,  Abase,  Boys,  Objects;  3,  Abuse,  Bows.  I,  Times,  Ties, 
Teas,  Tease,  Toss;  2,  It  is,  Its,  'Tis;  3, Itself,  At  his.  I,  Dies, Odds; 
2,  Days,  Does,  Dose,  Doze;  3,  Adds,  Dews,  Dues.  I,  Cheese,  Each 
is,  Each  has;  2,  Chess,  Chase,  Choice,  Which  is;  3,  Chose,  Much  as. 

1,  Religious,  Joys;  2,  Advantages,  Jews.     I,  Because,   Kingdoms;  2, 
Comes,  Companies ;  3,  Acts.     I,  Gives  ;  2,  Goes  ;  3,  Goose.     I,  Fees, 
Office,  If  his;  2,  Face,  Efface,  Foes;  3,  Fuse.      I,  Eaves,  Vies,  Vice; 

2,  Vase,  Voice ;  3,  Vows,  Views.     I,  Thighs;   2,  Thinks.     I,  These, 
Thyself;  2,  This ;  3,  Thus,  Those.     I,  Sees,  Saws;    2,  Says,  Sows; 

3,  Sues.      I,  Years;  2,  Yours,  Yes  or  Yes   sir;    3,  Use.     I,   Laws, 
Loss,  Lease,  Lice;  2,  Less,  Lace;  3,  Allows,  Loose,  Louse.     I,  Ears, 

1,  Arise;  2,  Race,  Arose,  Rose;  3,  Ours,  Hour,  Ourself.     I,  Wishes; 

2,  Shows,  Chaise;  3,  Shoes,  Should  his.      I,  Myself,   Miss,   Mice; 
2,    Mess,    Muss,    Mace,    Millions;     3,    Amuse,    Mouse,    Mass.      I, 
Influence,    Nice,   In    his;    2,   Knows,   Commence;    3,   When    his, 

82 


WORD  SIGNS-Plate  9. 


// 


'J 


\ 


^  ^    O°   e 
'^s-^J.j- 


,  ^ 

V 
FJj..f 


,.[..r Lf. 


vLp.. 


kk 


\    V 

\D  ......  0. 


83 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Noose.  I,  Things;  2,  Languages;  3,  Long  as.  I,  Hiss,  Horse, 
What  is;  2,  His,  Hymns;  3,  Where  is,  House.  I,  Why  is;  2, 
Weighs,  Ways,  Woes;  3,  Wooes.  I,  Pleasures;  3,  Measures.  I, 
Speech,  Speak,  Spy;  2,  Special,  Spoke,  Sup,  Soap;  3,  Sap,  Soup.  2, 
Subject.  I,  City,  Sit,  Seat,  Sight;  2,  Stay,  Set;  3,  Sat,  Soot,  Suit.  I, 
Seed,  Side,  Sod;  2,  Said;  3,  Sad,  Has  had.  I,  As  or  Is  each ;  2,  Such ; 
3,  As  much.  I,  Siege;  2,  Suggest;  3,  As  large.  I,  Seek,  Sick,  Sky; 
2,  Sake,  Soak,  Suck;  3,  Sack.  I,  Signify-ied,  Significant-ance.  I,  As 
if;  2,  Safe,  Is  or  As  for;  3,  As  few.  I,  Sieve,  Is  or  As  ever,  Conceive; 
2,  Save,  As  have,  Savior,  Several ;  3,  Salve.  2,  Saith,  Sayeth  ;  3,  South. 
I,  Scythe,  Is  thy ;  2,  As  they ;  3,  Soothe,  As  though,  As  thou.  I,  Says. 

1,  As  ye;  2,   Is  your;    3,  As  your.       I,   Seal,  Saul;  2,   Sell,    Sale, 
Soil,  Soul;   3,  Salvation,  Sal.     I,  Sore;   2,  Serge;  3,  Sash.     I,  Seize, 
Size;  2,  As  was.     I,  Seem,  Similar-ity;   2,  Same,  Some;  3, Sam,  Con- 
sume.    3,  Psalms.      I,  Seen,  Sin,   Sign,  Is  in;  2,  Sun,  Sane,  Is  or  As 
no;  3,  Soon,  Is  or  As  when.     I,  Sing,  Song;  2,  Sung;  3,  Sang,  As 
long.     3,  As  long  as.     2,  Sway.     I,  Leisure.     I,  Simple,  Is  important; 

2,  As  may  be;  3,  Example.     2,  Postage.     3,  Bask;  3,  Task.     2,  Desk. 
I,  Disk.     2,  Chosen.     2,  Jason.     3,  Cask.     3,  Gasp.     2,  Vessel.     2, 
Respect.     3,  Rasp.     2,  Mason.     2,  Messeth.     2,  Noisome.     2,  Mask, 
I,  Listen.     I,  Risen.     I,  Receive.     2,  Husk.     2,  Hasten.     2,  Westly. 
I,  Wisely.     l.Weepest;  2,  Post;  3,  Passed,  Past,  Happiest.     2,  Best, 
Bust.     I,  Tost;  2,  Toast,  Taste,  Test ;  3,  At  first.     2,  Dust.     2,  Chest. 
I.  Cost,  Kissed,  Commonest;  2,  Coast,  Cased;  3,  Cast.     2,  Guessed, 
Guest,  Gazed.    I,  First;  2,  Foist.    2,  Vest.    2,  Assessed.    2,  Shalst.     I, 
List,  Least,  Lost;  2,  Lest,  Lust;  3,  Last,  Loosed.     2,  Rest,  Rust.     I, 
Mist;  2,  Most.     I,  Commenced.     2,  Next,  Nest.     2,  West.     I,  Yeast. 
I,  Pieces ;  2,  Possesses.    2,  Possessor.    2,  Bases.    2,  Doses.    2,  Chooses. 

1,  Causes.     3,  Gases.     2,  Assess.     2,  Themselves.     2,  Yourselves.    3, 
Lasses.     I,  Rises;  2,  Races.    2,  Moses;  3,  Masses.     I.  Influences.     2, 
Commences.     I,  Hisses.     2,  Poster.     2,  Boaster.     I,  Teaster.     3,  Ad- 
minister.    2,  Just.     3,  Faster.     2,  Fester.      I,  Foster.     2,  Yesterday. 

2,  Lester.     2,  Muster;  3,  Master.     I,  Minister.     2,  Hester.     2,  West- 
erly.    I,  Impostor.     2,  Step  by  step.     3,  Stab.     2,  State;    3,  Stout. 

1,  Steed;  2,  Stead;  3,  Stood.     I,  Stitch.     2,  Stage.     I,  Style,  Steal, 
Still;  2,  Stole,  Stale;  3,  Stool.     2,  Store;  3,  Star.     2,  Stenography. 

2,  Consist.     2,  Is  said;  3,  Has  said.     I,  Season.     3,  As  soon  as.     2, 
Texas.     2,  Laces.     2,  This  is.     3,  Soon  as  is.     2,  Rinses,  Rain  is  as. 
2,  It  is  as.     2,  It  is  said.     2,  Necessary.     2,  Necessity.     2,  Noises. 
2,  Tastes.    2,  Boasts.    I,  Costs.    2,  Nests,  Fasts.    2,  Boasters.    2,  Dust- 
ers.    3,  Masters.      3,  Pastors.     3,  Casters.     2,  Testify.     2,  Distinct. 
2,  Justify.     2,  Postal. 

84 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Positive  and  Negative  Words. 

Negative  word  signs  are  formed  by  prefixing  to  the  sign 
of  the  positive  word  the  outline  of  the  syllable,  which  im- 
plies the  negation. 

EXAMPLE. 


Legal*  Illegal.    Moral*    Tmmorql    Moderate*    Immoderate. 

Consonant  and  Vowel  Initials. 

The  initials  of  names,  when  consonants  (except  C,  X, 
and  Q,  which  should  be  written  in  long-hand),  may  be 
expressed  with  phonographic  characters.  The  character 
should  be  the  representative  of  the  English  initial;  as, 
_  x  V^  x  Co*,  for  G.  W.  Wells.  If  the  name  is  written 
in  full,  however,  it  should  be  written  phonographically,  — 
that  is,  as  it  is  pronounced,  and  without  any  regard  what- 
ever to  the  English  mode  of  writing  it;  as,  /  <^.  ,,  *  Qo 
George  Washington  Wells. 

When  it  is  desired  to  write  a  vowel  apart  from  a  con- 
sonant, either  as  an  initial  or  otherwise,  the  following 
character  is  provided  as  a  mark  to  indicate  the  vowel's 
position  :  J_  ;  as,  J_\  e. 

Numbers. 

The  numbers,  one,  two,  six,  seven,  ten,  hundred,  thou- 
sand, million,  and  the  higher  numbers,  are  generally  ex- 
pressed with  phonographic  characters.  The  remaining 
numbers  are  written  with  the  ordinary  numerals. 

EXAMPLE. 

V*          %  *•*  3  4  L  /  ^  fc 

---.<•••..•»....   ..«.    •  •••••••>••••   »•••<«••••••«••  I  •• 

One.    Two.    Six    Seven.  Ten,    Hundred.    Thousand.    Million. 

Punctuation  Marks. 

The  ordinary  punctuation  marks,  except  the  marks  for  a 
period,  a  dash,  an  exclamation,  and  an  interrogation,  are 

8  85 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


used  in  Phonography.  The  period  is  represented  by  a 
small  cross ;  the  dash  by  a  horizontal  wave-line ;  the  ex- 
clamation and  interrogation  points  by  the  ordinary  marks, 
with  a  small  cross  beneath  them.  Example :  x ,  period ; 
J,,  exclamation;  ^^,  dash. 

Accent  and  Emphasis. 

When  it  is  desired  to  mark  an  accented  vowel,  it  may 
be  done  by  writing  a  dot  close  to  and  on  line  with  the  ac- 
cented letters,  so  as  to  have  the  two  signs  at  right  angles 
to   the   consonant   letter  to  which  they  are  placed  ;    as, 
££,  arrows. 

To  indicate  that  a  word  is  specially  emphasized,  the 
phonographic  dash  is  drawn  under  it ;  as,  J^,  the. 

Other  Marks. 

The  reporter  may  make  any  marks  among  the  phono- 
graphic notes  that  will  assist  in  recording  the  full  purport 
of  an  address,  or  of  any  event  transpiring  during  its  de- 
livery, such  as  applause,  hisses,  cheers,  laughter,  etc.  These 
marks  may  consist  of  the  whole  or  any  part  of  the  phono- 
graphic outline  of  such  word  or  words,  followed  closely 
by  a  sloping  curve  in  the  direction  of  SH,  as  in  the  ex- 
ample following : 

,\},  ,\   (  •  I  ./.  i  .  .  ,y.  mm  »  p  •«?/.  .  .  »  •••!../••  •  «  «  •  •  »yi  «  «  •  «  •  /^/•••«  • 

Irony.  Oriel.  Doubt.  Pleasantry  Cheers.  Applause,  Laughter. 

When  words,  phrases,  clauses,  or  sentences  are  spoken 
and  immediately  repeated,  the  following  mark  may  be  used 
to  represent  the  repeated  word,  clause,  or  sentence :  ^ .  Ex- 
ample: "I  say  in  all  candor,  fa  earnestness"  =  "I  say 
in  all  candor;  I  say  in  all  earnestness." 

Signs  for  Phrases. 

The  ordinary  phrases  of  the  English  language  may  be 
represented  by  a  single  sign  when  the  sign  can  be  conve- 
86 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


niently  made  and  does  not  extend  too  far  below  the 
line. 

These  phrase  signs  consist  of  word  signs  joined  together ; 
as,  '~j^,  My  friend ;  or  of  word  signs  to  which  are  attached 
hooks,  circles,  or  loops  to  represent  other  words  of  the 
phrase ;  as,  ^  >  I  do  not ;  or  of  word  signs  made  half-length  to 
add  by  an  implied  T  or  D  such  words  in  the  phrase  as  T  or  D 
represents ;  as,  s^,  Ought  it  to  be ;  or  by  new  signs  arbi- 
trarily formed,  to  represent  the  phrase;  as,  n,  You  were. 

The  process  of  constructing  a  phrase  sign  by  joining 
together  the  signs  of  the  words  composing  the  phrase  is 
very  simple.  The  sign  of  the  first  word,  with  a  few  ex- 
ceptions, is  made  in  its  proper  position,  and  the  sign  of 
the  other  words  of  the  phrase  is  joined  to  it  without  lift- 
ing the  pen,  just  as  consonants  are  joined  in  the  outlines 
of  words ;  as,  * ,  In  that. 

EXCEPTIONS. — To  prevent  conflict  with  a  similar  sign  of 
another  word,  the  first  word  sign  is  sometimes  written  in 
the  position  of  the  sign  of  the  next  following  word  of  the 
phrase;  as,  ,  I  did;  '],  I  do;  ••']-,  I  had. 

EXERCISE  12. 

f       *•*—-/        )  *\         ^V  ^J         T  NX  ><      V""""1*      *1  '    *f        £  -fl     * 

i.Ly  ..I...J-. C_, o  1 1.1..1..-,.:.. 

~^yr ^ 


KEY   TO   EXERCISE    12. 

Of  the,  In  the,  It  is,  To  be,  That  the,  For  the,  By  the, 
With  the,  Of  this,  And  the,  From  the,  Has  been,  I  do,  I 
am,  Of  a,  I  think,  There  is,  And  I,  Of  his,  Upon  the,  Is 
the,  Is  a,  As  the,  As  a,  All  the,  All  of,  Will  be,  You  will 

87 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


be,  To  me,  I  will,  There  are,  May  be,  On  the,  That  is,  That 
time,  That  way,  Of  that,  As  well  as,  Has  not,  Is  not,  It  is 
not,  It  is  said,  I  said,  He  said,  She  said,  They  said,  Of 
course,  Shall  be,  Should  be,  So  that,  This  is,  We  are,  Who 
are  they,  We  have  seen,  You  can,  You  cannot,  You  must 
be,  What  would,  What  were. 

The  construction  of  phrase  signs  by  the  representation 
of  some  of  the  words  in  the  phrase  by  hooks,  circles,  and 
loops,  is  much  more  difficult  than  the  construction  of 
phrase  signs  by  the  simple  joining  of  word  signs.  It  is 
equal  to  the  adoption  of  new  signs  for  such  words. 

I.  The  Representation  of  Words  in  Phrase  Signs  by  Hooks. 

The  L  hook  in  phrase  signs  may  represent  the  words  will 
and  all;  as,  f,  It  will. 

The  EL  hook  in  phrase  signs  may  represent  the  word 
will,  preceding  the  word  represented  by  the  letter  upon 

p 

which  it  is  placed;  as,   [^      ,  Will  it  make. 

The  R  hook  in  phrase  signs  may  represent  the  "words 
are,  our,  and  were ;  as,  ^ ,  Which  are. 

The  W  hook  in  phrase  signs  may  represent  the  words 

we  and  what ;  as,  -\-,  At  what. 

The  Y  hook  in  phrase  signs  may  represent  the  words 
you  and  your;  as,  ^  Do  you. 

The  IN  hook  in  phrase  signs  may  represent  the  words 
in,  in  the,  umler,  under  the ;  as,  fc,  In  the  direction. 

The  INS  hook  and  the  INS  of  the  INSR  hook  in 
phrase  signs  may  represent  the  words  in  his  and  in  the ; 
and  when  the  S  goes  with  the  words  of  the  other  part  of 
the  phrase,  it  may  represent  the  words  in  and  in  the ;  as, 
^,  In  consideration. 

The  N  hook  in  phrase  signs  may  represent  the  words 
in,  on,  not,  own,  one,  known,  been,  then,  and  than;  as, 
J,  I  do  not.  (See  note  on  page  40.) 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


The  F  hook,  in  a  very  few  phrase  signs,  may  represent 
the  words  for  and  forth  ;  as,  C_D,  Call  forth. 

The  V  hook  in  phrase  signs  may  represent  the  words  of, 
have,  and  ever;  as,  *X  ,  Did  you  ever. 

The  W  hook  attachment  on  H  in  phrase  signs  may  rep- 
resent the  words  we  and  will;  as,*C_,  What  will. 

Only  a  few  phrase  signs  should  be  constructed  under 
this  section  ;  and  these  few  should  be  thoroughly  mas- 
tered, so  as  to  be  quickly  made  and  easily  read. 

EXERCISE  13. 


KEY   TO   EXERCISE    13. 

It  was,  I  have,  I  have,  I  have  been,  I  have  been,  Have 
been,  They  have,  They  have  been,  You  have,  You  have 
been,  Do  not,  I  do  not,  I  do  not  know,  I  do  not  think, 
Where  do  you,  There  are  not,  On  the  part  of  the,  Would 
have  been,  I  would  have  been,  I  may  not,  I  may  not  be, 
Longer  than,  No  longer  than,  Which  are,  Which  were,  She 
will  be,  Should  our,  Give  your  opinion  about  it,  All  con- 
sideration, Which  were  to  have  been  there,  We  are  not, 
We  are  not  ready,  And  which  have,  Or  not,  But  not,  Each 
will,  Should  not,  They  will,  They  will  not,  Other  than, 
More  than,  It  will  have,  Which  will  have,  We  have,  By 
your  consent,  By  all  means,  Which  you  can  see,  It  will 
not  do,  At  what  place,  What  we  said,  Will  each  of  you  go, 
Will  it  be  that,  Until  then,  At  all,  At  all  events,  By  what 
time,  What  will. 

8*  89 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


II.  The  Representation  of  Words  in  Phrase  Signs  by 
Circles  and  Loops. 

The  circle  S  may  be  used  in  phrase  signs  to  represent  the 
words  is,  his,  as,  has,  and,  in  a  few  instances,  the  word  us. 

The  "SEZ"  circle  may  represent  in  phrase  signs  the 
words  is  as,  his  has,  as  is,  and  has  his ;  or,  when  one  of 
the  S's  go  with  the  following  word,  it  may  represent  the 
same  words  as  the  "  circle  S." 

Where  the  "SEZ"  circle  is  used,  and  there  is  still,  im- 
mediately following,  an  additional  word  in  the  phrase  that 
can  be  represented  by  S,  it  may  be  indicated  by  a  small  cir- 
cle at  the  top  of  and  within  the  SEZ  circle ;  as,  0,  As  is  his. 

The  ST  loop  on  the  letter  T  may  represent,  with  the 
letter  T,  the  phrase  at  first. 

The  STER  loop  in  phrase  signs  may  represent  the  word 
store,  and  the  STER  loop,  with  an  added  S,  the  words 
stairs  and  store-house ;  as,  ^y  Up  stairs,  ^^ ,  Any  store- 
house. 

EXERCISE  14. 


_o o . 

V<««J>- 

ex.! o 6* 

KEY   TO   EXERCISE    14. 

In  his  way,  On  his  head,  Tell  us,  Tell  us  his,  Is  his  or 
Is  as,  Is  as  his  or  Is  his  as,  As  has  or  As  is  or  As  his,  As  his 
is  or  As  is  his,  Give  us  this,  As  long  as  is  necessary,  For  his 
sake,  Such  is  his,  His  is  the  or  Is  his  the,  As  is  the  or  Has 
his  the,  As  soon  as,  At  first,  Down  stairs,  By  the  store-house, 
By  the  store,  At  the  store-house,  At  the  store,  Through  the 
store,  It  is  said,  As  has  been,  It  is,  It  is  as,  She  is  as, 
Which  is  as. 

III.  The  Representation  of  Words  in  Phrase  Signs  by  an 
Implied  T  or  D. 

To  construct  phrase  signs  by  representing  some  of  the 
words  in  the  phrase  by  an  implied  T  or  D,  it  is  necessary 
90 


LESSONS   IN   PHONOGRAPHY. 


to  make  the  sign  of  the  preceding  word  in  the  phrase  half 
its  usual  length,  to  imply  those  letters.  If  the  letter  so 
halved  is  in  the  first  position,  the  words  it,  to,  or  ought  are 
added ;  in  the  second  position,  it,  had,  to,  or  ought  are 
added;  in  the  third  position,  it,  had,  or  would  are  added. 

EXERCISE  15. 

<   r        , 

\ U— v_..._     \ 


1 

KEY  TO   EXERCISE    15. 

If  it  be  so,  It  ought  to  be,  It  ought  not  to  be,  Ought  it 
not,  Ought  it  not  to  be,  Will  it  make  it,  Have  had  or  Have 
it,  They  would,  It  would  not  be  ready,  Able  to  make  it, 
Had  it,  Had  not  been,  In  order  to,  In  order  to  see  him, 
Look  like  it. 

IV.  The  Representation  of  Words  in  Phrases  by  New 
Signs  Arbitrarily  Formed. 

To  represent  phrases  by  new  arbitrary  signs  is  a  danger- 
ous license,  and  yet,  in  the  following  instances,  the  student 
will  find  that  it  may  be  used  to  advantage  : 

I.  In  frequent  recurring   phrases,  where  phonographic 

joinings  cannot  be  made ;  as,  the  phrase  We  were,    ^ 

II.  In  long  phrases  of  frequent  occurrence,  by  repre- 
senting the  phrases  with  such  parts  of  its  full  phrase  sign  as 
will  readily  suggest  it.     This  is  useful  in  constructing  signs 
to  represent  names  of  railroads,  other  companies,  etc. ;  as, 

V.  Jones,  Dumright  &  Co. 

EXERCISE  16. 

.  ..unox^-^        ,          M^.% 

.I-  U... t/ D     o :O ./.....^ \....t-  ^L  ^Z 

KEY   TO   EXERCISE    1 6. 

You  were,  Were  you,  With  you,  You  with,  We  were, 
Were  we,  We  would,  Would  we,  Would  you,  You  would, 
Ing  the,  Ing  a,  Doing  the,  Doing  a,  New  York  Central  Rail- 

91 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


road  Company,   Savannah,  Griffin,  and   North  Alabama 
Railroad  Company. 


General  Rules  for  Writing  Phrases. 

In  law  reporting  a  few  extended  phrase  signs  may  be 
used  for  often-recurring  phrases.  Plate  i,  Phonographic 
Phrase  Signs,  contains  a  number  of  such  signs. 

Generally,  phrase  signs  should  be  brief  and  simple,  so 
that  they  may  be  quickly  made  and  easily  read.  To  secure 
this  end  and  establish  uniformity,  phrase  signs  should  gen- 
erally begin  with  words  of  one  of  the  following  parts  of 
speech : 

(1)  Nouns  in  the  nominative  case ;  as,  </,  John  went. 

(2)  The  personal  pronouns  I,  my,  mine,  we,  our,  thy, 
thine,  you;  in  the  nominative  case,  your,  they,  their,  he, 
she,  and  ///  as,          ,  I  am.     These  pronouns,  in  the  ob- 
jective case,  may  be  joined  also  to  a  preceding  verb  or 
preposition. 

(3)  The  relative  pronouns  who,  which,  what,  and  that, 
and  the  interrogative  pronouns  who,  which,  and  what,  and 
adjective   pronouns   each,  every,   either,   this,  that,   these, 
those,  any,  all,  such,  some,  one,  other,  and  another;  as, 
j  ,  Who  was. 

(4)  Verbs  and  auxiliary  verbs  with  or  without  the  word 
not,  when  it  is  not  convenient  to  join  them  with  their 

nominatives ;  as,  (^ ^,  Does  not  know. 

(5)  The  prepositions;  as,  £.,  Around  the. 

(6)  The  conjunctions  and,  as,  because,  but,  so,  though,  for 

if,  neither,  or,  since,  than,  that,  and  whether;  as, X  If  you. 

(7)  Adverbs  well,  where,  there,  how,  why,  when,  very;  as, 

S,  Why  did. 

(8)  The  articles  a  and  an;  as,  -r-*""^,  A  great  man. 

NOTE. — The  article  the,  when  alone,  is  represented  by  a 
92 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


single  dot  above  the  line.  When  used  in  phrasing,  it  is 
never  joined  initially,  except  to  the  sign  for  the  word  first ; 
but  is  joined  to  the  end  of  letters  whenever  desired.  When 
the  is  prefixed  or  affixed  to  the  sign  of  another  word,  it  is  rep- 
resented by  a  short  light  tick  made  in  the  direction  of  CH. 
On  curve  letters  having  their  concave  side  opening  to  the 
right  or  upward,  it  is  made  downward.  On  curve  letters 
having  their  concave  side  opening  to  the  left  or  downward, 
it  is  made  upward.  On  straight  letters  it  is  made  up  or 
down,  as  is  most  convenient.  The  tick  sign  for  the,  when 
joined  to  another  word  in  phrases,  may  be  made  also  in 
the  direction  of  b  if  necessary. 

The  articles  a,  an,  and  the  conjunction  and,  when  alone, 
are  expressed  by  a  dot  on  the  line.  When  prefixed  or 
affixed  to  the  sign  of  another  word,  they  are  represented 
by  a  tick  made  in  direction  of  the  letters  T  or  K,  as  is 
most  convenient. 

(9)  Adjectives ;  as,  /\    red  bird. 


EXERCISE  17. 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


KEY   TO    EXERCISE    17. 

(i)  Mary  did  not  go,  Peter  saw  him,  (2)  I  am,  My  name, 
Mine  own,  We  have,  Our  own,  Thine  is  the,  Thy  name, 
You  will  be,  Your  property,  They  were,  He  was,  Their 
business,  She  said,  It  is  said,  (3)  Who  was,  Which  was  as, 
What  part  of  it,  That  was,  Who  was  it,  Which  is  the,  What 
was  it,  Each  of  your,  Every  one,  Other  than,  This  book, 
That  sort,  These  books,  Those  hats,  Anybody,  All  men, 
Such  of  persons,  Somewhere,  One  man,  Other  days,  Another 
time,  (4)  Does  not  know,  Shall  not  be,  (5)  Around  the,  In 
the,  (6)  And  you,  As  we,  Because  he  was,  But  could  not 
see,  So  as  to  see,  For  it  was,  If  you  will,  Neither  rank,  Nor 
possessions,  Since  there,  (7)  Well  known,  Where  did  he, 
How  many,  Why  was  it,  When  was  it,  Very  likely,  (8)  An 
apple,  Do  a,  In  a,  By  a,  (9)  Black  hog,  Bad  man. 

Omission  of  Signs  for  Words  in  Phrase  Signs. 

In  constructing  a  phrase  sign  it  is  allowable,  in  a  few 
instances,  to  leave  unexpressed  in  the  sign  any  word  or 
words  that  may  be  readily  supplied. 

The  sign  for  the  word  to  may  be  omitted  before  you, 
whom,  and  have  by  writing  the  signs  for  these  words  be- 
low the  line ;  and  the  sign  for  the  word  the  when  following 
the  word  to  may  be  omitted.  Where  ambiguity  may  result, 
the  sign  for  to  may  be  dropped  below  the  line,  to  imply 
the  omitted  word. 

EXERCISE  18. 


KEY   TO   EXERCISE    1 8. 

In  the  way,  One  of  the  most,  Kingdom  of  heaven,  In 
the  world,  Day  to  day,  Night  to  night,  Time  to  time, 
94 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Hand  to  hand,  City  to  city,  House  to  house,  To  you,  To 
the,  To  whom,  To  have,  To  be,  How  long  have  you  known 
the,  How  long  have  you  been  in  the  city,  Where  do  you 
live,  What  is  your  occupation,  What  is  your  name,  More 
and  more,  Less  and  less,  Gentlemen  of  the  jury,  Ladies 
and  gentlemen,  May  it  please  your  honor,  By  the  way. 

KEY   TO  PLATE    I    OF   PHRASE   SIGNS. 

Which  are  to  be,  Which  were  to  be,  Out  the  bills,  Any 
other  notice,  Caused  to  be,  Only  public,  How  long  have 
you  known,  This  note,  State  to  the  jury,  This  day,  Had 
some  legal  knowledge,  That  it  could  not  be,  Before  the 
railroad,  Of  this  railroad,  Because  the  train,  Upon  which 
the,  As  near  as  I  can  recollect,  Said  he  hadn't  time,  To 
write  the  note,  And  that  he  would,  Send  it,  In  my  own 
name,  Less  than  I  supposed,  In  regard  to  the  payment,  In 
the  morning,  It  is  only,  In  this  paper,  Since  there  (or 
their),  Than  this,  Step  by  step,  In  this  way,  During  the 
last,  Will  you,  Will  you  state,  Week  before  last,  You  may 
state,  Because  it  is  not  cross-examination,  How  many,  On 
which  side  of  the  street,  How  long  have  you  practiced 
medicine  and  surgery,  Do  not  know,  A  little  later  than 
this,  I  will  ask  you,  With  this  mill-property,  A  minute, 
Before  that  time,  In  the  property,  It  may  not  have  been  so 
late,  Do  you  know  the  defendant,  Have  you  any  deed,  At 
what  date,  Post-mortem  examination,  Common  conversa- 
tion, Who  gave  you  the  information,  Called  and  sworn,  It 
looked  like  it,  About  that  time,  Its  house,  At  your  house, 
You  and  he,  Other  than  to,  Washing  the  banks,  Along 
what  street,  How  long  were  you  bound,  Over  his  body,  In 
his  lifetime,  What  is  your  name,  What  is  your  occupation, 
What  else,  What  next,  Which  has  been  taking  place,  In 
the  course  of  business,  What  would  they  bring,  With  him, 
Did  he  say  anything  about  it,  What  is  your  best  recollec- 
tion, What  is  the  reason,  In  this  matter,  Have  legal  notice, 
Your  place  of  business,  Make  some  other  arrangements, 

95 


PHRASE  SIGNS -Plate  1, 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


Your  commercial  paper,  Water  powers,  In  the  middle,  From 
reports,  Cannot  say  positively,  What  is  the,  Timber  land, 
Somewhere  near  about  it,  What  it  was,  Exactly,  sir,  Was 
there  any  conversation,  In  this  case,  On  this  occasion, 
When  you  went  there,  I  ascertained,  As  though  he  was, 
Besides  yourself,  What  was  the,  One  hundred  acres,  Upon 
him,  When  the  property,  It  was  near  the  first  of  April, 
No,  sir,  Answer,  Faster  than,  Where  were  you  going, 
Where  do  you  live,  I  could  not  say,  I  do  not  know,  sir, 
As  fast  as,  In  what  county,  In  what  way,  Just  as,  He  came 
pretty  soon  afterwards,  In  what  direction,  Point  him  out 
to  the  jury,  How  many  times  have  you  seen  him  lately, 
You  did  not  know  him  before,  You  do  not  know  him  now, 
You  had  not  been  there,  Get  out  of  the  way,  You  have 
been,  Where  did  you  get  him,  What  kind  of  a  hog  was  it, 
And  when  was  it,  White  and  black  spotted,  As  long  as, 
As  many  as  possible,  About  what  time,  When  did  you  go 
up  there,  Can  you,  Did  you  measure  the  tracks,  As  far 
as,  What  were  they,  Which  were  many,  Give  us  this 
day,  Our  daily  bread,  Did  you  find  him  there,  Has  been 
received,  How  far  did  you  live  from  her,  Absolutely 
necessary,  It  must  certainly,  In  the  first  instance,  In  the 
first  place,  It  has  been  suggested,  In  this  instance,  He 
could  not  have  been,  Which  cannot  be,  He  has  not  been 
there,  Would  not  be  satisfied,  You  will  have  been,  In  re- 
gard, In  reference,  You  were  probably,  You  are  certain 
about  that,  I  am  certain  of  it,  Should  be  able  to,  Ladies 
and  gentlemen,  My  friends,  Mr.  Chairman,  Mr.  President, 
Fellow-citizens,  Gentlemen  of  the  jury,  I  am  sure,  I  am 
glad,  Surely  not. 

Law  Reporting. 

In  the  trials  of  causes  in  courts  of  justice,  where  life, 
liberty,  or  property  are  at  stake,  reporters  are  required  to 
make  a  verbatim  report  of  the  entire  proceedings,  except 
the  argument  of  counsel.     The  report  will  consist  of: 
E 9  97 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


1.  The  title  of  the  case  as  sounded  by  the   presiding 
judge,  with  appearances,  etc.  ;  as, 

The  State  of  Georgia         ~\ 

vs.  >  Murder. 

John  Green.  j 

F.  D.  Dismuke,  Solicitor-General  for  the  State. 
Steward  &  Hall,  for  the  defendant. 

2.  The  name  of  the  judge  who  tries  the  case,  the  name  of 
the  court  in  which  it  is  tried,  and  the  date  of  the  trial ;  as, 

Tried  before  Judge  Alex.  M.  Speer,  at  the  February  Term,  Spald- 
ing  Superior  Court,  1879. 

3.  If  a  jury  is  impaneled  in  the  case,  it  should  be  so 
noted.     If  impaneled  in  the  usual  manner,  without  any 
objections  or  challenges,  it  is  only  necessary  to  say : 

The  following  jury  was  regularly  impaneled  to  try  the  case.  (Give 
the  names  of  the  jurors.) 

If  objection  is  raised  to  the  competency  of  any  juror,  or 
to  any  part  of  the  proceeding  of  impaneling  a  jury,  or  any 
special  challenge  is  made,  the  objection  or  challenge 
should  be  noted,  and  also  the  rulings  of  the  court  upon 
the  same. 

4.  Any  preliminary  motion  concerning  the  case  should 
be  noted,  also  the  ruling  of  the  court  upon  the  motion. 

5.  The  opening  statement  of  counsel  in  submitting  the 
case  to  the  jury  should  be  recorded,  but  need  not  be  trans- 
cribed, unless  required  by  the  court.     These  statements 
comprise  generally  the  substance  of  the  whole  case,  and 
will  apprise  the  reporter  of  the  nature  of  the  testimony  to 
be  offered. 

6.  The  testimony,  with  name  of  witness  testifying,  etc. ; 
as, 

John  D.  Alexander,  called  by  the  State,  sworn  and  examined  by  the 
Solicitor-General,  testifies. 

If  the  testimony  is  written,  as  interrogatories,  the  fact 
should  be  so  stated  ;  as, 

Interrogatories  of  A.  B.  Niles  were  offered  and  admitted  in  evidence. 
98 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


If  objection  is  made  to  the  admission  of  written  evi- 
dence, the  objection  and  the  ruling  of  the  court  thereon 
should  be  noted  in  the  same  manner  as  for  objections  to 
oral  testimony,  as  hereafter  explained.  If  the  reporter  is 
required  to  copy  written  evidence  in  his  report,  it  can  be 
done  after  the  trial,  directly  from  the  original  writings. 
No  report  need  be  made  of  it  in  Phonography  during  the 
trial. 

7.  The   objections  of  the   counsel  and   rulings  of  the 
court  should  be  carefully  noted  as  they  arise  in  the  oral 
testimony.     The  principal  objections   raised   are,  i.  Be- 
cause the  question  is  leading.     2.  Because  the  testimony 
is  irrelevant.     3.  Because  the  evidence  is  in  writing.     4. 
Because  the  witness  is  incompetent  to  testify  to  the  special 
fact.    Other  objections  are  sometimes  raised ;  these  are  the 
most  common.    All  objections  should  be  accurately  noted. 
The  following  mark  is  used  to  represent  the  words  n  ob- 
jected to' ' :  <^/s-    This  will  precede  all  the  objections  made. 
After  an  objection  is  made,  the  court  will  rule  upon  it. 
This  ruling  is  preceded  by  the  letter  C,  and  must  be  reported 
verbatim.     It  is  not  necessary,  however,  to  give  in  full  the 
often  wordy  sayings  of  the  counsel ;  it  is  sufficient  to  state, 
in  the  reporter's  own  language,  the  gist  of  the  objection. 

EXAMPLE. 

C     I     y    °    ^      ^     U     1   x 

Objected  to — irrelevant.  Court :  I  think  the  evidence  is  relevant. 
I  will  admit  it. 

8.  The  first  examination  of  the  witness  by  the  party  in 
whose  behalf  he  is  called  is  known  as  the  direct  examina- 
tion.    No  mark  is  used  to  indicate  it. 

When  the  direct  examination  closes,  the  witness  is  turned 
'over  to  the  opposite  party  for  cross-examination.  This  ex- 

99 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


animation  is  indicated  by  writing  in  the  middle  of  the  line, 
preceding  its  beginning,  a  large  cross ;  as,  ^><(. 

After  the  cross-examination  follows  the  re-direct  examina- 
tion, in  rebuttal,  indicated  by  the  following  mark  on  the 
line  preceding:  /r}r^- 

At  the  close  of  the  re-direct  examination,  if  the  witness 
is  examined  further  by  the  defendant's  counsel,  it  is  known 
as  the  re-cross-examination,  and  is  preceded  by  the  follow- 
ing mark :  /  y^. 

9.  When  the  plaintiff  closes  his  evidence,  it  should  be 
noted:   "The  plaintiff  rests."     And  at  the  close  of  the 
defendant's  evidence  it  should  be  stated :  "The  defendant 
closed." 

10.  In  criminal  cases,  if  the  defendant  is   allowed  to 
make  a  statement,  as  is  the  case  in  Georgia,  it  should  be 
accurately  reported. 

11.  The  charge  of  the  court  to  the  jury,  which  closes 
the  trial  so  far  as  the  reporter  is  concerned,  is  the  most 
difficult  of  the  reportorial  work  in  court.     It  should  be  re- 
ported with  scrupulous  fidelity  as  to  accuracy. 

Transcriptions. 

In  transcribing  notes  in  criminal  cases,  the  questions 
propounded  by  counsel  and  answers  of  witnesses  must  be 
written;  but  in  civil  cases,  if  desired,  the  questions  and  an- 
swers may  be  combined,  so  as  to  give  the  report  in  what  is 
called  the  narrative  form.  The  report  should  always  in- 
clude questions  and  answers ;  and  transcriptions  be  made 
either  in  full  or  the  narrative  form,  as  counsel  may  direct. 

Questions  and  Answers. 

In  law  reporting,  no  mark  is  required  between  the  ques- 
tion and  the  answer,  the  two  being  distinguished  simply 
by  leaving  more  than  usual  space  between  the  close  of  the 
question  and  the  beginning  of  the  answer.  Law  reports" 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


should  be  written  upon  foolscap  paper,  ruled  perpendic- 
ularly into  four  equal  parts.  The  notes  are  written  down 
each  column,  the  answer  being  commenced  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  line  next  below  the  line  upon  which  the  ques- 
tion ends.  And  so  on  with  succeeding  questions  and 
answers. 

Material. 

Procure  unglazed  or  uncalendered,  white,  foolscap  paper, 
and  ink  that  makes  an  instantaneous  black  mark,  and,  if 
possible,  a  good  fountain-holder  and  gold  pen.  This 
material  is  recommended  for  all  kinds  of  reporting. 

KEY  TO  PLATE  OF  LAW  REPORTING. 

John  Townshend  "| 

vs.  \ 

T.  Reymert  and  Peter  Husted.      J 
New  York  Superior  Court,  Part  2.     Before  Judge  Sanford 

and  a  jury,  April  4,  1874. 
Appearances : 

For  plaintiff,  Mr.  Townshend. 
For  defendant,  J.  D.  Reymert. 
A  jury  was  regularly  impaneled. 

Mr.  Townshend  opened  the  case  for  the  plaintiff,  and 
admitted  that  the  painting  in  question  belonged  to  one  or 
the  other  of  the  defendants. 
Plaintiff  rested. 

Mr.  Reymert  opened  the  case  for  the  defendants,  and 
introduced  the  following  testimony  : 

Hanson  Balling,  called  by  the  defendants,  sworn  and 
examined,  testifies : 

What  is  your  business?  Artist.  Do  you  know  the 
painting  called  "Grant  and  his  Generals"?  Yes,  sir. 
By  whom  was  that  picture  painted?  It  was  painted  by 
me.  When?  I  commenced  it  in  1864  and  finished  it  in 
a  year  after.  Where  was  it  when  it  was  finished?  It  was 
in  my  studio.  New  York  ?  Yes,  sir.  Did  you  sell  that 

9*  101 


LAW  REPORTING. 


John  Tow ns?\ end 

'm  eri 

8c 


j. 


IV. 


ii 


JJlansonBaJling 


0  \r^ 

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V 


t 


To    C.'.^. 


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A 


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6 


.a...fffi..\. 


„.!.: 


^. 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


picture  ?  Yes,  sir.  To  whom  ?  To  J.  D.  Reymert.  What 
did  Mr.  Reymert  pay  you  for  it  ?  Five  thousand  dollars. 
When  was  that  ?  That  was  just  before  finishing, — it  was 
very  late  in  November.  Will  you  please  look  at  that 
memorandum  and  agreement  and  see  if  that  is  the  paper 
made  at  the  time  between  you?  Yes,  sir.  (The  agree- 
ment put  in  evidence,  marked  Exhibit  A.)  At  the  time 
of  this,  did  you  deliver  the  painting  to  Mr.  Reymert? 
Yes,  sir, — that  is  to  say,  he  did  not  take  it  out  of  the  room. 
It  remained  on  exhibition ;  I  had  it  on  exhibition.  Did 
you  own  that  picture  then  ?  Certainly.  Anybody  else 
had  any  right  to  it?  No.  Did  you  know  what  become 
of  this  picture?  Yes,  sir.  You  afterwards  made  an  agree- 
ment with  Mr.  Howard  for  the  exhibition  of  it?  For  the 
exhibition  of  it ;  yes,  sir.  Is  that  the  agreement  ?  (Shown 
witness.)  •  Yes,  sir.  Is  that  your  signature,  and  his?  Yes, 
sir.  (The  agreement,  dated  January  first,  1866,  put  in  evi- 
dence, and  marked  Exhibit  B.)  When  did  you  say  this 
large  picture  was  painted  ?  In  1864  or  1865. 

General  Reporting. 

Sermons,  addresses,  speeches,  lectures,  etc.,  are  generally 
reported  verbatim,  and  afterwards  any  desired  portion  or 
the  whole  of  them  may  be  transcribed  at  pleasure.  Where 
it  can  be  procured,  the  same  material  recommended  to 
law  reporters  should  be  used  in  general  reporting.  Divide 
the  pages  into  four  columns  each,  and  write  the  notes  down 
each  column,  beginning  each  sentence  about  the  middle  of 
the  line  next  to  the  one  upon  which  the  preceding  sentence 
was  closed.  This  rule  is  not  observed  in  the  exercises  of 
this  book,  on  account  of  the  space  it  requires.  The  ob- 
ject of  the  exercises  is  to  give  as  much  phonographic  re- 
porting forms  as  possible,  without  regard  to  the  manner  in 
which  the  forms  will  appear  upon  the  written  sheets. 

In  writing  sermons,  addresses,  speeches,  and  lectures  for 
delivery,  the  paper  should  not  be  divided  into  columns. 

103 


SERMON  REPORTING. 


The  Immortality  of  the  Soul. 


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P./...V 


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104 


V 

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Lr.BlAir 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


The  writing  should  be  across  the  entire  breadth  of  the 
paper. 

KEY  TO   PLATE   OF   SERMON   REPORTING. 

The  Immortality  of  the  Soul. 

For  we  know  that  if  our  earthly  house  (of  this  tabernacle)  were  dis- 
solved, we  have  a  building  of  God,  a  house  not  made  with  hands, 
eternal  in  the  heavens. — 2  CORINTHIANS,  v.  I. 

This  passage  presents  to  us,  in  one  view,  the  nature  of 
our  present  earthly  state,  and  the  future  object  of  the 
Christian's  hope.  The  style  is  figurative  ;  but  the  figures 
employed  are  both  obvious  and  expressive.  The  body  is 
represented  as  a  house  inhabited  by  the  soul,  or  the  think- 
ing part  of  man.  But  it  is  an  "earthly  house,"  a  "taber- 
nacle" erected  only  for  passing  accommodation,  and  "to 
be  dissolved;"  to  which  is  to  succeed  the  future  dwelling 
of  the  just  in  "a  building  of  God,  a  house  not  made  with 
hands,  eternal  in  the  heavens."  Here  then  are  three  great 
objects  presented  to  our  consideration.  First,  the  nature 
of  our  present  condition.  Secondly,  that  succeeding  state 
which  is  the  object  of  good  men's  hope.  Thirdly,  the 
certain  foundation  of  their  hope ;  "  we  know,  that  if  our 
earthly  house  be  dissolved,  we  have  a  building  of  God." 

First.  The  text  gives  a  full  description  of  our  present 
embodied  state,  as  an  "earthly  house,"  an  "earthly  house 
of  this  tabernacle,"  and  a  tabernacle  which  is  to  be  "  dis- 
solved." 

We  dwell  in  an  "  earthly  house."  Within  this  cottage 
of  earth  is  lodged  that  spiritual,  immortal  substance,  into 
which  God  breathed  the  breath  of  life.  So  we  are  elsewhere 
said  in  Scripture  to  have  "our  foundation  irr  the  dust," 
and  to  "  dwell  in  houses  of  clay."  During  its  continuance 
in  this  humble  abode,  the  soul  may  be  justly  considered  as 
Confined  and  imprisoned.  It  is  restrained  from  the  full 
exertion  of  its  powers  by  many  obstructions.  It  can  per- 
ceive and  act  only  by  very  imperfect  organs.  It  looks 
E*  105 


REPORTING  EXERCISE- 


Extract  from  ®auid  @opperfield. 


r 


P 


,,->.._,  i[ 


'i 


^-,^0-^-f  r\  'p  -) 

•t -) 3*-~>p.x.|l..>T**»-'lw?3t 


LESSONS   IN   PHONOGRAPHY. 


abroad  as  through  the  windows  of  the  senses ;  and  beholds 
truth  as  "through  a  glass,  darkly."  It  is  beset  with  a 
numerous  train  of  temptations  to  evil,  which  arise  from 
bodily  appetites.  It  is  obliged  to  sympathize  with  the 
body  in  its  wants ;  and  it  is  depressed  with  infirmities  not 
its  own.  For  it  suffers  from  the  frailty  of  those  materials 
of  which  its  earthly  house  is  compacted. — Dr.  Blair. 

KEY   TO   PLATE   OF   REPORTING   EXERCISE. 

Extract  from  David  Copperfield. 

The  first  subject  on  which  I  had  to  consult  Traddles  was 
this;  I  had  heard  that  many  men  distinguished  in  various 
pursuits  had  begun  life  by  reporting  the  debates  in  Parlia- 
ment. Traddles  having  mentioned  newspapers  to  me  as 
one  of  his  hopes,  I  had  put  the  two  together,  and  told 
Traddles  in  my  letter  that  I  wished  to  know  how  I  could 
qualify  myself  in  this  pursuit.  Traddles  now  informed  me, 
as  the  result  of  his  inquiries,  that  the  mechanical  acqui- 
sition necessary  (except  in  rare  cases)  for  thorough  excel- 
lence in  it — that  is  to  say,  a  perfect  and  entire  command 
of  the  mystery  of  short-hand  writing  and  reading — was 
about  equal  in  difficulty  to  the  mastery  of  six  languages ; 
and  that  perhaps  it  might  be  attained,  by  dint  of  perse- 
verance, in  the  course  of  a  few  years.  Traddles  reasonably 
supposed  that  this  would  settle  the  business ;  but  I,  only 
feeling  that  here  indeed  were  a  few  tall  trees  to  be  hewn 
down,  immediately  resolved  to  work  my  way  on  to  Dora 
through  this  thicket,  axe  in  hand.  "I  am  much  obliged 
to  you,  my  dear  Traddles,"  said  I;  "I'll  begin  to-mor- 
row." Traddles  looked  astonished,  as  he  well  might; 
but  he  had  no  notion  as  yet  of  my  rapturous  condition. 
"I'll  buy  a  book,"  said  I,  "with  a  good  scheme  of  this 
art  in  it,  and  work  at  it  at  the  (Doctors')  Commons,  where 
I  haven't  half  enough  to  do.  I'll  take  down  the  speeches 
of  our  court  for  practice.  Traddles,  my  dear  fellow,  I'll 
master  it." 

107 


REPORTING  EXERCISE. 


C\  y— v_o  ~-    fV 
../L ^=LJ, 


'H 


/ 


,\ 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


I  did  not  allow  my  resolution  with  respect  to  Parliament- 
ary debates  to  cool.  It  was  one  of  the  irons  I  had  begun 
to  heat  immediately,  and  one  of  the  irons  I  kept  hot  and 
hammered  at  with  a  perseverance  I  may  honestly  admire. 
I  bought  an  improved  scheme  of  the  noble  art  and  mystery 
of  stenography  (which  cost  me  ten  and  sixpence),  and 
plunged  into  a  sea  of  perplexity  that  brought  me  in  a  few 
weeks  to  the  confines  of  distraction.  The  changes  that 
were  wrung  upon  dots,  which  in  such  a  position  meant 
such  a  thing,  and  in  such  another  position  something  else 
entirely  different ;  the  wonderful  vagaries  that  were  played 
by  circles,  the  unaccountable  consequences  that  resulted 
from  marks  like  flies'  legs,  the  tremendous  effects  of  a 
curve  in  the  wrong  place,  not  only  troubled  my  waking 
hours,  but  reappeared  before  me  in  my  sleep. 

When  I  had  groped  my  way  blindly  through  these  diffi- 
culties and  had  mastered  the  alphabet,  which  was  an  Egyp- 
tian temple  itself,  there  then  appeared  a  procession  of  new 
horrors,  called  arbitrary  characters,  the  most  despotic  of 
characters  I  have  ever  known,  who  insisted,  for  instance, 
that  a  thing  like  the  beginning  of  a  cobweb  meant  expecta- 
tion, and  a  pen-and-ink  sky-rocket  stood  for  advantageous. 
When  I  had  fixed  these  wretches  in  my  mind,  I  found  that 
they  had  driven  everything  else  out  of  it ;  then  beginning 
again,  I  forgot  them ;  while  I  was  picking  them  up  I 
dropped  the  other  fragments  of  the  system ;  in  fact,  it  was 
almost  heart-breaking.  It  might  have  been  quite  heart- 
breaking but  for  Dora,  who  was  the  stay  and  anchor  of  my 
tempest-driven  bark.  Each  scratch  in  the  scheme  was  a 
gnarled  oak  in  the  forest  of  difficulty,  and  I  went  on  cut- 
ting them  down,  one  after  another,  with  such  vigor  that  in 
three  or  four  months  I  was  in  a  condition  to  make  an  ex- 
periment on  one  of  our  crack  speakers  in  the  (Doctors') 
Commons. 

Shall  I  ever  forget  how  the  crack  speaker  walked  off 
from  me  before  I  began,  and  left  my  imbecile  pencil  stag- 

10  109 


REPORTING  EXERCISE. 


\  ^t-^  9^  c/jyv 
••-i? ' f'-x' ^••••' 


•**   \ '  x 

'\;"v^  A-,\'f 


C. 


•^i 


no 


LESSONS   IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


gering  about  the  paper  as  if  it  were  in  a  fit?  This  would 
not  do,  it  was  quite  clear.  I  was  flying  too  high,  and 
should  never  get  on  so.  I  resorted  to  Traddles  for  ad- 
vice, who  suggested  -he  should  dictate  speeches  to  me  at  a 
pace  and  with  occasional  stoppages  adapted  to  my  weak- 
ness. Very  grateful  for  this  friendly  aid,  I  accepted  the 
proposal,  and,  night  after  night — almost  every  night — 
for  a  long  time  we  had  a  sort  of  private  parliament  in 
Buckingham  Street,  after  I  came  home  from  the  Doctors'. 
I  should  like  to  see  such  a  parliament  anywhere  else  !  My 
aunt  and  Mr.  Dick  represented  the  government  or  the  oppo- 
sition (as  the  case  might  be),  and  Traddles,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  Enfield's  "  Speaker,"  or  a  volume  of  "Parliament- 
ary Orations,"  thundered  astonishing  invectives  against 
them.  Standing  by  the  table,  with  his  finger  on  the  page 
to  keep  the  place,  and  his  right  arm  flourished  above  his 
head,  Traddles,  as  Mr.  Pitt,  Mr.  Fox,  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr. 
Burke,  Lord  Castlereagh,  Viscount  Sidmouth,  or  Mr. 
Canning,  would  work  himself  into  the  most  violent  heats, 
and  deliver  the  most  withering  denunciations  of  profligacy 
and  corruption  of  my  aunt  and  Mr.  Dick,  while  I  used  to 
sit  at  a  little  distance  with  my  note-book  on  my  knee, 
fagging  after  him  with  all  my  might  and  main. 

The  inconsistency  and  recklessness  of  Traddles  were  not 
to  be  exceeded  by  any  real  politician.  He  was  for  any 
description  of  policy  in  the  compass  of  a  week,  and  nailed 
all  sorts  of  colors  to  every  denomination  of  masts.  My 
aunt,  looking  like  an  immovable  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer, would  occasionally  throw  in  an  interruption  or 
two,  as  "  hear,"  or  "no,"  or  "oh,"  when  the  text  seemed 
to  require  it,  which  was  always  a  signal  to  Mr.  Dick  (a  per- 
fect country  gentleman)  to  follow  lustily  with  the  same  cry. 
But  Mr.  Dick  got  taxed  with  such  things  in  the  course  of 
his  parliamentary  career,  and  was  made  responsible  for 
such  awful  consequences  that  he  become  uncomfortable  in 
his  mind ;  sometimes,  I  believe,  he  actually  began  to  be 


LESSONS    IN    PHONOGRAPHY. 


afraid  he  had  been  doing  something  tending  to  the  an- 
nihilation of  the  British  Constitution  and  the  ruin  of  the 
country.  Often  and  often  we  pursued  these  debates  until 
the  clock  pointed  to  midnight,  and  the  candles  were  burn- 
ing down.  The  result  of  so  much  good  practice  was  that, 
by  and  by,  I  began  to  keep  pace  with  Traddles  pretty  well, 
and  should  have  been  triumphant  quite  had  I  had  the  least 
idea  of  what  my  notes  were  about.  But  as  to  reading 
them  after  I  got  them,  I  might  as  well  have  copied  the 
Chinese  inscriptions  on  an  immense  collection  of  tea- 
chests,  or  the  golden  characters  on  all  the  great  green  and 
red  bottles  in  the  chemists'  shops.  There  was  nothing  for 
it  but  to  turn  back  and  begin  all  over  again.  It  was  very 
hard,  but  I  turned  back,  though  with  a  heavy  heart,  and 
began  laboriously  and  methodically  to  plod  over  the  same 
tedious  ground  at  a  snail's  pace,  stopping  to  examine  mi- 
nutely every  speck  on  the  way  on  all  sides,  and  making 
the  most  desperate  efforts  to  know  those  illusive  charac- 
ters whenever  I  met  them. 


112 


REPORTING  EXERCISE. 


( 

(•  '  '"&"    ""'"^     -*(•••>••* 

^^^L^ 

l.i..\. 

Y  "V 

r       -          f...:.j:.., JL 

^  §' 

^  ij (  i' x x 

o  iv 
V.  N    '       \ 

t 
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X^jrrrD..x 


114 


REPORTING  EXERCISE. 


farting  Words  with  the  Student. 


P 


V 


i         • 

.  -Jv-V-i  • 


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N      |  _ 


if.;, 
("C- 
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